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Biology

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Cell Biology

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Membrane Structure and Components

Membrane Lipids in Cells and Tissues

Description

Membrane lipids give biological membranes their structure and help set their properties. In mammalian cells, lipids make up about 50% of the membrane on average. The amount can be much lower in the inner mitochondrial membrane or much higher in the myelin sheath around nerve cells.

Several phosph...

Transcript

膜中存在三种类型的脂质——磷脂酰甘油酯、鞘脂和甾醇。

磷脂酰甘油,也称为甘油磷脂,其结构包含一个甘油骨架,一个亲水的磷酸基团和两条通常由16至22个碳原子组成的疏水性脂肪酰基链。

细胞膜中一些最常见的磷脂酸甘油酯包括磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸和磷脂酰肌醇,它们分别由胆碱、乙醇胺、丝氨酸和肌醇与磷酸基团连接形成。

鞘脂是一类含有鞘氨醇骨架的脂质。鞘氨醇是一种带有长链不饱和烃基的氨基醇。 

最简单的鞘脂是神经酰胺,当一个脂肪酸分子连接到鞘氨醇的氨基上时即形成神经酰胺。

神经酰胺的剩余羟基可与其他化学基团(如磷酸胆碱或碳水化合物)形成酯键,分别生成鞘磷脂或糖脂。

第三类膜脂质是固醇,例如胆固醇,它...

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