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Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

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Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics

Hydrophobic Effects in Solvation

Description

Solvation is the process of surrounding a solute with solvent. It spreads the solute evenly through the solvent. A useful rule is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular features similar to the substance being dissolved.

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents di...

Transcript

熵(S)反映了系统中达到某一特定状态的概率。在孤立系统中,当一个过程导致总熵增加时,该过程会自发进行。

由溶液形成引起的熵变称为混合熵,或 ΔSmixing,它与任何分子间相互作用无关。

在溶液形成过程中,溶质与溶剂发生混合,溶质分散到溶剂中。直接与溶质分子相互作用的溶剂分子 collectively 称为溶剂壳或溶剂笼。

由于溶剂化层的形成,溶剂的可及能量状态数少于溶质,因此溶质从溶剂处获得熵,但以消耗能量为代价。

当碳氢化合物溶解于水中时,水-碳氢化合物界面处的水分子会重新排列,以最大化彼此之间形成的氢键数量。部分溶剂水分子转变为溶剂化壳层中的水,从而在每个碳氢化合物分...

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