Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

官能团是有机化合物中的原子或原子团，可赋予其独特的化学性质。
有机化学中一个重要的官能团是羰基官能团，它由一个碳原子与氧原子通过双键连接而成。
两种密切相关的基于羰基的有机化合物是醛和酮。在醛类化合物中，羰基碳原子与一个烷基和一个氢原子相连。例外情况是甲醛，其中羰基碳原子与两个氢原子相连。
与此同时，在酮类化合物中，羰基碳原子与烃骨架内的另外两个碳原子相连。
羰基是许多较大官能团的组成部分，例如羧酸中的羧基，后者由一个与羰基碳相连的羟基构成。
羧酸的功能衍生物包括酯，其中羧基中的氢原子被烷基取代；酰胺，其中羧基中的羟基被氨基取代；以及酰氯，其中羟基被氯原子取代。
多重键也是其他官能团的特征，例如腈基或氰基官能团，其中碳原子与氮原子形成三键。
苯是一种芳香烃，通常表示为六个碳原子组成的环状结构，其中单键和双键交替排列。苯分子去掉一个氢原子后形成苯基——一种官能团。当羟基连接到苯基构成的芳香环上时，即形成苯酚。
胺是一类不含碳的官能团，其特征为电负性氮原子在烃骨架中以单键连接，并带有一对孤对电子。根据与氮原子相连的碳原子数目，胺可分为伯胺、仲胺和叔胺。
同样，一个磷酸官能团含有一个磷原子，该磷原子通过共价键与四个氧原子相连。最多可将三条烃链分别连接到与磷原子单键结合的氧原子上，从而得到有机磷酸酯。

高级官能团概述

官能团是有机分子内具有特定化学性质的原子团，有时表示为"R"。 官能团可以通过使化合物具有不同的物理和化学性质来"功能化"化合物。
<h4>高级官能团的类型</h4>
下表总结了有机化学中的一些主要官能团。
有机化合物类别
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
官能团（红色）化合物的骨架结构</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
化合物名称</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">连接名称</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
芳香烃</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
苯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
苯酚</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
苯酚（羟基苯）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
醛</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
乙醛（乙醛）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
酮</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
丙酮</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
酸或酰氯</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
乙酰氯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
羧酸</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
乙酸（醋酸）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
酯</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
乙酸乙酯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
胺</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
乙胺</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
酰胺</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">乙酰胺</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
乙酰胺</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">乙酰胺</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
丁腈橡胶</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
乙腈</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
磷酸盐</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">
磷酸二氢甲酯</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>

本文改编自 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.</a>

官能团是一类在有机分子中具有特定化学性质的原子团，有时用“R”表示。

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

有机化学

Unit 1

第一单元

Covalent Bonding and Structure

共价键与结构

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

advanced-functional-groups-in-organic-chemistry

what is organic chemistry?

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electronic structure of atoms

Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers describe how electrons are arranged around the nucleus. An atom has a small, positively charged nucleus with electrons surrounding it. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the quantum mechanical model gives a better picture of this structure than older models. Protons carry a +1 charge and have a mass of 1.0073 amu. Neutrons have no charge and have a mass of 1.0087 amu. Electrons carry a −1 charge and have a mass of 0.00055 amu. The number of...

electron configurations

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chemical bonds

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lewis structures and formal charges

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vsepr theory

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molecular geometry and dipole moments

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resonance and hybrid structures

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valence bond theory and hybridized orbitals

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overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

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organic chemistry

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Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.13

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Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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