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Molecular Biology

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Genomes and Evolution

DNA Replication Error Checks

Description

DNA replication includes built-in error checks that protect the genome during cell division. Even though this process copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity, a wrong base or a longer stretch of wrong bases can still be added to the daughter strands. If these mistakes are not corrected, cells may build up mutations ...

Transcript

每次人类细胞分裂时,DNA聚合酶都会以高保真度复制超过30亿个碱基对,并将其传递给子代细胞。

然而,由于复制的信息量巨大,DNA聚合酶在复制过程中有时会出现错误。例如,可能会在新合成的链中加入错误的碱基,如将胞嘧啶(cytosine)代替胸腺嘧啶(thymine)加入。

在某些情况下,此类改变可能是有害的,例如β-珠蛋白基因中从GAG 到GTG的单核苷酸突变,会导致红细胞呈镰刀状。这会降低红细胞的携氧能力,从而引发镰状细胞贫血。

基因中也可能插入或缺失额外的碱基。这类突变统称为插入缺失突变(indels)。在囊性纤维化中,CFTR 基因中单个碱基的插入或缺失可导致阅读框发生移位,从而使该基因编码出有缺陷的蛋白质。这种蛋白质无法将氯离子转运出肺部...

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