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Organic Chemistry

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α-Carbon Chemistry: Enols, Enolates, and Enamines

Selective Crossed Aldol Products with Weak Bases

Description

Selective crossed aldol products can be formed by using weak bases. In this reaction, an aldehyde that has an alpha hydrogen is added slowly to a mixture of formaldehyde and a weak base such as hydroxide or alkoxide. Slow addition helps prevent the aldehyde from self-condensing, so one main crossed product can form.

Transcript

请记住,一个高效的交叉羟醛反应要求两个不同的羰基化合物中,至少有一个不含α氢原子,这一点在甲醛与另一个含有α氢的醛的反应中得到了体现。

通过将含有α氢的醛缓慢加入到甲醛和弱碱的反应混合物中,可防止其发生自身缩合反应。

需注意,pKa 值相对较小的氢氧化物和醇盐作为弱碱发挥作用。

在此反应中,氢氧根离子夺取醛的 α 氢生成亲核性烯醇负离子,该负离子进攻甲醛,生成单一的交叉羟醛产物。

类似地,在β-酮酯和酮的混合溶液中,pKa值较低的β-酮酯酸性更强。因此,乙醇钠作为一种弱碱,优先使β-酮酯去质子化,生成的烯醇负离子再与酮反应,以较高的产率生成单一产物。<...