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Biology

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Cell Biology

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Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

How Organelles Keep Cells Working

Description

Eukaryotic cells keep their organelles separate so each part can do a specific job. Organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by membranes. These membranes are selectively permeable, which means they control what enters and leaves. That control creates small internal environments with conditions suited t...

Transcript

真核细胞含有多种由膜包被的细胞器,这些细胞器可使特定的细胞功能在独立的微环境中进行,从而与细胞质内部以及细胞外环境相隔离。

例如,嵌在核膜内的核孔复合体可控制分子进出细胞核的转运。这有助于在细胞核内维持受控环境,以调控基因表达等关键过程。

此外,某些蛋白质需要氧化环境,必须与还原性的细胞质分离开来。这类蛋白质在内质网中合成并经过化学修饰,然后通过称为囊泡的小型化学微环境运输至其最终目的地。

其他细胞器,例如过氧化物酶体,通过隔离能够将自身有毒副产物(如过氧化氢)转化为无害分子(如水)的酶,从而提供保护作用。

类似地,溶酶体将发挥功能时需要极低 pH 值的消化酶与细胞质分隔开来。

线粒体双层膜之间的酸性环境有助于以 A...

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