Name: genome size and gene evolution
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:42.000Z
Duration: 3 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity- Inheritance and Variation of Traits

LS.Bio.6.2

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

尽管简单 遗传密码的性质，有很大的差异 就基因组大小而言，从最小的已知 基因组，包括 蛋白质细菌 卡氏假丝酵母 ruddii少于160, 000 碱基对最大 例如日本人 巴黎开花植物 约1500亿日元。尽管有这些极端，细菌和古细菌 通常有大约3, 000 基因组中的基因。因为原核生物有 几乎没有非编码序列，这意味着 他们的基因组可以 相比较而言比较小 那些真核生物。较小的基因组 意味着无需复制 在每一轮 细胞分裂，其中 具有后勤意义 快速复制。真核生物 有某处 大约20, 000 基因，但他们的基因组 长时间地被打断 非编码序列 表示他们的基因组 尺寸不一定 转化为复杂性。巴黎粳稻基因组 可能超过50次 人的大小 基因组，但这是由于 至少部分是广阔的 非编码序列的数量 可能很高 重复级别，不必要 更新颖的基因。那么生物如何 进化新基因？答案通常是通过 修改顺序 已经存在。主要资源之一 进化新基因 是通过基因复制。想象一个部分 含DNA 基因是偶然的 重复的。现在有机体有了第二个 现有基因的副本。这样的新基因拷贝是免费的 从放置的约束 在原来的 保持功能。这样他们就可以 有可能发散 不断发展的小说 角色或修改 原来的功能。创造新事物的另一种方法 基因是DNA改组 哪里的段 现有基因或基因拷贝 分离并加入 具有不同基因的基因 产生一个杂种基因 可以承担一项新功能。基因内突变，变化 在导入的基因序列中 随着时间的变化，占许多新基因。这种分歧 最引人注目 比较物种时 或血统 在独立发散。一旦这种分歧超越了 某一点或一个基因 具有新颖的功能。它们可能被分类为 完全不同的基因。最后，水平 基因转移 带来小说 基因和序列 从基因组 外部资源 如其他人 甚至其他物种。这种小说 基因习得 最常见于 原核生物和古细菌 随着转移 抗生素抗性基因 是一个众所周知的例子。虽然罕见 真核生物，它仍然 被认为是必不可少的 基因新颖性的来源。和遗传物质 甚至可以来 从远端相关 种类，例如细菌 在这个例子中是真菌。

基因组大小与新基因的演化

虽然每个生物体都有某种形式的基因组（无论是 RNA 还是 DNA），但这些遗传蓝图的大小存在相当大的差异显著。 影响基因组大小的一个主要因素是生物体是原核生物还是真核生物。 在原核生物中，基因组几乎不包含非编码序列，因此基因沿着染色体顺序紧密地聚集成群或操纵子。 相反，真核生物中的基因被长段非编码序列隔开打断。 总体而言，这导致了原核生物基因组平均比真核生物基因组更小（即包含更少碱基）的现象。

毫不奇怪，鉴于这一观察，已知最小的基因组大多是原核生物。 例如，Candidatus Carsonella rudii 是一种高度简化的变形菌，其基因组大小仅为 16 万个碱基对。 由于失去了合成生命必需蛋白质所需的许多基因，它已进化为专性细胞内共生体。 与此相反，日本真核开花植物重楼 (Paris japonica) 是已知最大的基因组之一，约有 1500 亿个碱基对。 尽管编码的基因数量尚不清楚，但基因组包含显示了大量的重复和非编码序列。

普通原核生物的基因组内大约有 3,000 个基因。 真核生物的平均数量约为 20,000 个。 但基因组大小，尤其是真核生物的基因组大小，变化很大——很大程度上是由于非编码序列的数量。

新基因的创造

为了进化出新的基因，生物体有几个主要途径选择。 其中大多数的共同点是它们修改了已经存在的序列。

复制在创造新基因方面发挥着重要作用，有几种类型的复制可以产生这些新的序列。 在基因复制中，包含基因的 DNA 片段被复制。 第二个拷贝不会面临限制收到与第一个拷贝相同的选择压力，因此它可以发扩散。 随着时间的推移，这可能会导致新基因的进化，并发挥新的作用。

另一种类型的复制——DNA 重改组——可能会导致基因的一部分被复制并插加入另一个基因。 这可能会产生新的基因和新的物种产品。

有时，新的基因只是随着时间的推移积累的突变而进化的而来。 这被称为基因内突变，在跨物种或不同种群进行比较时最为明显。

最后，还可以通过称为水平基因转移的过程从外部来源获得新基因。 这意味着遗传物质可以来自其他个体，有时来自同一物种，但也可能完全来自另一个物种。 这是原核生物和古细菌中新基因的常见来源。 它在真核生物中不太常见，但已被证明存在这种情况，真核生物甚至可以从细菌或真菌等遥远的来源获取遗传信息。

尽管每种生物体都具有某种形式的基因组（无论是RNA还是DNA），但这些遗传蓝图的大小存在显著差异。其中一个主要……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

细胞生物学

Unit 1

第一单元

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

细胞、基因组与进化

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

基因组大小和新基因的进化

genome size and gene evolution

Genome size and gene evolution are linked through changes in DNA sequence and genome structure. Some genes can arise from parts of the genome that were not coding before, while others come from changes to existing genes. These shifts help explain how new genetic material can appear over time.

A genome is the full set of DNA in an organism. Its size can change as DNA is added, removed, or rearranged. The transcript highlights that genome size is not fixed, and that these changes can shape the evolution of new genes.

New genes may form by duplication and later change, or by other alterations in noncoding DNA. Over time, these changes can give rise to new functions. This process helps connect genome structure with the emergence of genetic novelty.

Genome Size and Gene Evolution

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

Three Domains on the Tree of Life

The tree of life shows how living things are grouped into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. This classification helps explain the major branches of life and how they are related. Bacteria and Archaea are both single-celled organisms, but they are not the same. Eukaryotes include organisms with more complex cells, such as plants, animals, and fungi. Together, these three domains give a broad picture of life on Earth. Understanding the tree of life helps students compare cell...

prokaryotic cells

How Prokaryotes Survive Without a Nucleus

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that live without a nucleus. They include the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include common microbes such as Salmonella and E. coli, while Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh places like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells still share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in the form of single, circular DNA. Their cell parts float freely in the...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

How Organelles Keep Cells Working

Eukaryotic cells keep their organelles separate so each part can do a specific job. Organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by membranes. These membranes are selectively permeable, which means they control what enters and leaves. That control creates small internal environments with conditions suited to each organelle. These controlled spaces help organelles work more efficiently. In animal cells, lysosomes keep an acidic environment that helps their enzymes digest...

eukaryotic evolution

How Eukaryotic Cells Became Complex

Eukaryotic cells became complex through a debated evolutionary path that likely involved endosymbiosis. The most accepted model is the endosymbiont theory, which explains how organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts may have entered an ancestral cell. Other ideas include the nucleus-first hypothesis, the mitochondria-first hypothesis, and the eukaryote-first hypothesis. The nucleus-first hypothesis says an ancestral prokaryote first formed a membrane around its DNA, creating the...

animal and plant cell structure

Plant vs Animal Cell Division and Specialization

Plant and animal cells differ in how they divide, organize into tissues, and specialize for different jobs. Both cell types divide by mitosis in non-gametic cells and by meiosis in gametic cells, but the details are not the same. These differences help explain how each cell type supports growth and reproduction. During cell division, animal cells use centrosomes to organize spindle fibers and separate chromosomes. Plant cells do not have centrosomes. Instead, they use a microtubule-organizing...

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

Nuclear DNA, Chromatin, and Nucleoli

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores chromosomal DNA and helps control what proteins a eukaryotic cell makes. It acts as the cell’s control center. DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is different because it mainly supports functions specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged so the DNA is easy...

the dna helix

How DNA Structure Was Discovered

DNA is the genetic material that passes traits from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is made of two strands of nucleotides that twist into a spring-like double helix. The shape is not perfectly even. It also has repeating grooves called the major groove and the minor groove. The major groove forms where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart. This wider space gives DNA-binding proteins, including transcription factors, better access to the bases. The minor...

the central dogma

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein. At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the...

mutations

Mutations in DNA and Inherited Disease

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen on their own during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors. Scientists describe mutations in several ways, including whether they change the amino acid sequence of a protein, how much DNA they affect, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells. Some mutations are point mutations. A point mutation changes a single nucleotide in DNA. Other mutations are chromosomal alterations, which change the number...

genome size and the evolution of new genes

Genome size and gene evolution are linked through changes in DNA sequence and genome structure. Some genes can arise from parts of the genome that were not coding before, while others come from changes to existing genes. These shifts help explain how new genetic material can appear over time. A genome is the full set of DNA in an organism. Its size can change as DNA is added, removed, or rearranged. The transcript highlights that genome size is not fixed, and that these changes can shape the...

gene families

Shared Origins of Gene Families

Gene families are groups of related genes that share a common origin. They form when genes are copied and then change over time. These related genes can be found within the same genome. The video also connects gene families to homologous genes and orthologous genes. Homologous genes are genes with a shared evolutionary origin. Orthologous genes are homologous genes found in different species. Gene families help show how these relationships are used to study evolution and related gene functions.

gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

Gene evolution can happen at different rates, and natural selection helps shape those changes. Some genes change slowly because important DNA changes are removed over time. Other genes can change more quickly when different mutations are kept in a population. The rate of evolution depends on how a gene is used and how strongly it is affected by selection. Genes with essential jobs often stay more similar across species. Genes under weaker pressure may show more variation and may evolve faster.<br...

types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Explore how genome size changes can shape gene evolution, including gene duplication, DNA rearrangement, and the rise of new genetic functions.

Genome Size and Gene Evolution | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.P

3.1.9-12.Q

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

Biological Evolution: Unity And Diversity

HS-LS4-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Heredity

Mutations

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.5

BIO.5.b

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L3

HS.L3U1.25

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.12

Next Generation Science Standards

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-2

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS3-1.

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid daughter cells. In humans, each diploid cell contains 46 chromosomes, half from ...

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to ...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This ...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage ...

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of ...

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three ...

Cell Migration

Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms ...

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. ...

Use models to explain how DNA is passed from parents to offspring through the processes of meiosis and fertilization in sexual reproduction.

LS.Bio.6.1

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

The DNA Replication Fork

Lagging Strand Synthesis

The Replisome

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template ...

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the ...

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before ...

Overview of DNA Repair

Base Excision Repair

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens&#8212;factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV ...

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the ...

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

Homologous Recombination

Gene Conversion

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Construct an explanation to summarize how inheritable genetic variations may result from: new genetic combinations in meiosis, mutations during replication, or mutations caused by environmental factors.

An Overview of Genetic Analysis

An organism&#8217;s physical traits, or phenotype, are a product of its genotype, which is the combination of alleles (gene variants) inherited from its ...

Genetic Crosses

To dissect genetic processes or create organisms with novel suites of traits, scientists can perform genetic crosses, or the purposeful mating of two ...

Punnett Squares

Monohybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel&#8217;s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A ...

Law of Independent Assortment

Chi-square Analysis

The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an ...

Pedigree Analysis

Multiple Allele Traits

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel&#39;s work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid ...

Lethal Alleles

Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cu&#233;not discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is ...

Polygenic Traits

background-and-environment-affect-phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to predict the variation and distribution of expressed traits based on: Mendelian inheritance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked inheritance.

LS.Bio.7.1

Overview

A pedigree is a diagram displaying a family&#x2019;s history of a trait. Analyzing pedigrees can reveal (1) whether a trait is dominant or ...

Probability Laws

Overview

The probability of inheriting a trait can be calculated using the sum and product rules. The sum rule is used to calculate the probability of ...

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

Multiple allelism describes genes that exist in three or more allelic forms. Although diploid organisms, like humans, ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain how polygenic traits result in a wide range of phenotypes.

LS.Bio.7.2

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause ...

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature&mdash;in other words, by our genes&mdash;and by nurture, or our environment. For ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how traits result from interactions of genetic factors (multiple genes and/or alleles) and environmental factors.

LS.Bio.7.3

PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction

The polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is a technique used to amplify DNA through thermocycling &#8211; cyles of temperature changes at fixed time ...

DNA Gel Electrophoresis

DNA gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the detection and separation of DNA molecules. An electric field is applied to a gel matrix comprised of ...

DNA Isolation

DNA isolation protocols can be fast and straightforward or complex and time-consuming depending on the type and quality of DNA required for further ...

Analyze and interpret data to compare DNA samples.

LS.Bio.8.1

Understand genetic mechanisms for variation.

Genome Size and Gene Evolution

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