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The First Law of Thermodynamics

Open, Closed, and Isolated Systems

Description

A thermodynamic system is the part of the world that scientists study for its heat and energy behavior. It sits inside a surrounding environment, or surroundings. The system and the surroundings can exchange heat and do work across the boundary that separates them. The immediate surroundings affect the system most strongly b...

Transcript

在热力学中,被观察的对象被视为一个系统,而系统边界之外的所有周围物体则被视为环境。  是环境。

一辆汽车,包括其油箱内的燃料,可以被视为一个系统。道路及其周围区域则构成环境。

如果汽车处于静止状态,则不会与环境交换任何物质或能量。这种系统称为孤立系统。

当汽车发动机点火时,燃料燃烧会排出废气,车轮因与路面的摩擦力而推动汽车前进。在此过程中,物质和能量均与环境发生交换,因此运动中的汽车可被视为一个开放系统。

如果汽车的发动机关闭,车轮与路面之间的摩擦力会逐渐使汽车停止。在此过程中,系统与环境之间仅发生能量交换。这样的系统称为封闭系统。

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