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The First Law of Thermodynamics

How Internal Energy Changes in Gas Systems

Description

Internal energy is the energy stored inside a thermodynamic system. It is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules or other particles in the system. Molecular kinetic energy includes translational motion, rotation, and vibration. Molecular potential energy comes from interactions between molecules.

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Transcript

系统的内能可以定义为系统中所有单个原子的动能和势能的总和。

考虑一个单原子理想气体系统。当气体在恒定体积下被加热时,原子的动能增加,但由于原子之间没有相互作用,其势能保持为零。

因此,内能取决于单原子分子的平均动能,其表达式为二分之三 NkBT,其中 N 为气体原子数目,kB 为玻尔兹曼常数,T 为其温度。因此,在体积恒定时,理想气体的内能仅取决于温度。

系统的内能是一个状态函数。将沸水冷却至室温后,其内能与将冰融化至室温所得的水的内能相同。

因此,内能仅取决于系统的状态,而与获得该状态所采用的路径...

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