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The First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat, Work, and Internal Energy
Description
Heat, work, and internal energy are linked by the first law of thermodynamics. This law is a generalized form of energy conservation. It explains how energy changes when heat is added to or removed from a system, and when the system does work or has work done on it.
The change in internal energy ...
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Transcript
考虑一个带有蜡烛的天灯。蜡烛的热量增加了天灯内部空气分子的内能,导致空气膨胀并使天灯充气膨胀。由于空气膨胀,空气分子对天灯壁施加了功。膨胀后天灯内部的空气密度降低,从而产生升力。
在此示例中,系统的内能变化等于进入系统的净热量减去系统对外所做的净功。该方程是一个广义表达式 一种能量守恒形式,称为热力学第一定律。
常规情况下, Q 取决于热量是被添加到系统中还是从系统中移除,其值可为正或负。此外, W 当系统对外做功时为正,当外界对系统做功时为负。
对于任何热力学过程,内能的变化与路径无关,仅取决于系统的初始和最终平衡状态。因此,内能是一个状态函数。
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