Name: cell signaling pathways and responses
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Overview of Cell Signaling

细胞利用多种信号传导机制来协调细胞内过程并与其它细胞进行通讯。当一种称为配体的信号分子与其靶受体结合时，便启动了信号通路。
旁分泌信号传导是指分泌的配体作用于邻近细胞的过程。而自分泌信号传导则是指配体作用于其自身释放的细胞。
在旁分泌或接触依赖性信号通路中，配体保持与细胞表面结合，并直接与相邻细胞上的受体相互作用。小的可溶性配体也可通过质膜中的间隙连接在细胞间直接流动。
多细胞生物在长距离上协调细胞行为。在内分泌信号传导中，激素通过血液系统运输到身体的不同部位。
神经元之间的突触信号传递是一种特殊的长距离信号传导形式。在突触连接处，神经元的轴突末梢会释放称为神经递质的配体，以与靶细胞进行通讯。
此外，一些细菌群落通过群体感应来共同作出反应，其机制是感知信号配体达到临界浓度。

细胞信号转导概述

尽管细胞膜将细胞与环境分隔开，但细胞仍需要具有检测和响应环境变化的能力。此外，细胞之间也经常需要相互通信。单细胞和多细胞生物利用多种细胞信号传导机制来与环境进行通信。

细胞通常通过膜上的受体蛋白对多种类型的信息做出反应。例如，皮肤细胞响应并传输触觉信息，而视网膜中的感光器可以检测光。然而，大多数细胞已经进化到能够对化学信号做出反应，包括激素、神经递质和许多其他类型的信号分子。细胞甚至可以协调由同一信号分子引发的不同反应。

通常，细胞信号传导涉及三个步骤：(1)接收，(2)转导，以及(3)响应。在大多数信号接收中，不能穿透膜的分子（配体）会引起膜受体的变化。然而，一些信号分子，例如激素，可以穿过细胞膜到达其内部受体。然后膜受体可以将该信号发送至细胞内信使，将消息转换成细胞响应。 这种细胞内响应可能包括转录、翻译、蛋白质激活和其他响应的变化。

细菌等单细胞生物可以使用一种称为群体感应的细胞信号传导来检测它们在菌落中的浓度并产生协调反应。真核细胞可以释放针对产生信号的同一细胞（自分泌信号）或邻近细胞（旁分泌信号）的配体。信号甚至可以长距离发送，就像某些激素一样，并在远距离的细胞中产生响应，称为内分泌信号传导。接触依赖型信号传导描述了相邻细胞之间创建的物理通路，细胞质信号可以通过这些通路快速传递。神经系统细胞则可以通过称为突触信号的特殊细胞信号传导产生快速反应。

尽管细胞与外界环境之间有保护性膜相隔，细胞仍需具备检测并响应环境变化的能力。

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

解剖学与生理学

Unit 1

第 1 单元

Essential Cellular Processes

细胞基本过程

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

cell signaling pathways and responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell.

A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process.

Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes the signal along until the cell produces a response. That response may change how the cell behaves or how it functions.

Cell signaling is an important part of cell biology because it lets cells coordinate activities and respond to their environment. Understanding these pathways helps explain how cells communicate and why receptor-based signaling matters.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

the central dogma

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replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

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RNA Types in Gene Expression

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transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

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translation

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regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

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interphase

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molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

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what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

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g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

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cellular differentiation

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key terms and concepts

Learn how cells use signaling pathways, receptors, and responses to communicate and react to signals in this concise high school science overview.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-1.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

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