Name: life tables and survival patterns
Uploaded: 2025-01-09T15:14:16.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.F

Life Tables

生命表或死亡率表用于表示一个种群的生存模式。
它包含多个列，每列都有实际用途，第一列是时间间隔。
第二列列出了研究开始时的个体、患者或受试者的数量，第三列列出了在该时间段内死亡的个体、患者或受试者数量。
第四列显示了失访的人数，第五列显示了在随访期间存活但退出研究的人数。
第六列展示了暴露于所研究风险下的有效参与者人数。
该计数被认为是有效的，因为它对那些在研究期间存活退出或失访的参与者进行了调整，假设退出事件在整个时间段内均匀发生。
通常估计取样发生在时间间隔的中间，因此在计算风险时分母减少一半。
以下两列分别为死亡与存活的条件概率。它们通常按如下方式计算。
最后，最后一列测量了所有时间间隔内的累积生存率。

生命表

生命表是一种统计工具，用于总结人群的死亡和生存模式，详细了解同一群体在不同年龄段的生存或死亡可能性。通过组织生存概率和死亡率数据，生命表可以清晰地反映出一段时间内的人口动态。生命表广泛应用于人口统计学、公共卫生、精算科学和生态学，用于分析预期寿命、设计健康干预措施、估计保险风险以及研究不同生态系统中物种的生存模式。一般来说，典型的生命表分为几个关键列：

<ol>
	<li>年龄段：表示特定的年龄范围。此列将人群分为不同的年龄段，例如 0-5 岁、5-10 岁等。</li>
	<li>存活人数：表示存活到每个年龄段开始的个体数量。从假设的群体（通常为 100,000 人）开始，此列显示每个年龄段还有多少人活着。</li>
	<li>死亡人数：显示每个间隔内死亡的人数。计算方法是从间隔开始时的存活人数中减去间隔结束时的存活人数。</li>
	<li>死亡率：表示间隔开始时存活的人在年龄段内死亡的概率。它提供了特定年龄的死亡可能性。</li>
	<li>生存概率：表示在年龄段内存活的概率。它是死亡率的补数</li>
	<li>预期寿命：表示年龄 (x) 的个人预计剩余的平均寿命。计算方法是将每个后续年龄组中存活的人的寿命相加，然后除以年龄 (x) 时存活的人数。</li>
</ol>

生命表可分为队列生命表和时期生命表，队列生命表追踪同一时期出生的一组个体在其一生中的情况，时期生命表则提供特定时间点人口死亡率的快照。这些表格对于了解人口健康状况、预测未来寿命、计算人寿保险费以及比较不同人群或群体的生存模式非常有用。例如，它们可以突出显示不同国家预期寿命的差异或评估特定干预措施对生存率的影响。

生命表或死亡率表用于表示一个种群的生存模式。  
它包含多个列，每一列都具有特定的实际用途，……

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Statistics

统计学

Unit 1

第一单元

Survival Analysis

生存分析

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

life tables and survival patterns

A life table is a statistical tool that shows mortality and survival patterns in a population. It organizes data across age intervals so students can see how likely a group is to survive or die at each stage of life. The table gives a clear snapshot of population dynamics over time.

Life tables are used in demography, public health, actuarial science, and ecology. They help scientists study life expectancy, plan health interventions, estimate insurance risk, and compare how species survive in different ecosystems. They are also useful for comparing survival patterns across populations or groups, such as differences in life expectancy between countries.

A typical life table includes several important columns. Age interval lists the age range being measured, such as 0-5 years or 5-10 years. Number alive shows how many individuals are still alive at the start of each interval, often beginning with a hypothetical cohort of 100,000.

Other columns describe changes within each age range. Number of deaths shows how many individuals die during the interval. Mortality rate gives the probability of dying during that age period, and survival probability shows the chance of surviving it. Life expectancy tells the average number of years an individual of age x is expected to live, based on the person-years lived by those who remain alive in later age groups.

Life tables are commonly grouped into cohort life tables and period life tables. A cohort life table tracks a group of individuals born during the same period over their lifetimes. A period life table gives a snapshot of mortality rates for a population at a specific point in time. Together, these tables help researchers forecast future lifespans and assess the effect of specific interventions on survival rates.

Life Tables and Survival Patterns

introduction to survival analysis

Time-to-Event Data and Censoring

Survival analysis is a statistical method for time-to-event data. The event can be death, disease relapse, system failure, or recovery. It helps estimate survival time, which is the time until a specific event occurs, and it also shows what factors may affect that time. A key idea in survival analysis is censoring. Censoring happens when the event of interest has not been observed for some people during the study period. Because the data are incomplete in those cases, survival analysis uses...

life tables

A life table is a statistical tool that shows mortality and survival patterns in a population. It organizes data across age intervals so students can see how likely a group is to survive or die at each stage of life. The table gives a clear snapshot of population dynamics over time. Life tables are used in demography, public health, actuarial science, and ecology. They help scientists study life expectancy, plan health interventions, estimate insurance risk, and compare how species survive in...

survival curves

Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve Basics

Kaplan-Meier survival curves show how the chance of staying event-free changes over time. They are used to track survival in a population and to compare groups in medicine, public health, and reliability engineering. The Kaplan-Meier estimator is the most common way to build these curves. It is a non-parametric method, which means it does not assume a fixed pattern for the data. The result is a stepwise line that drops each time an event happens, such as death, disease recurrence, or...

actuarial approach

Life Table Method for Survival Rates

The life table method, also called the actuarial approach, is used to estimate survival rates in clinical and population studies. It began in life insurance, where risk over time must be measured carefully. In health research, it gives a clearer picture of survival when some participants are lost to follow-up or die from causes unrelated to the study. This method works by dividing the study period into set intervals, usually one year. That makes it useful for tracking outcomes over time,...

kaplan-meier approach

Survival Curves with Kaplan-Meier Data

The Kaplan-Meier estimator is a non-parametric method for estimating a survival function from time-to-event data. It is commonly used in medical research to track how many patients survive for a set time after treatment. It is also important in clinical trials, epidemiological studies, and reliability engineering. This method helps researchers study survival probabilities over time, even when some data are incomplete. That incomplete data is called censored data, which means the exact event...

assumptions of survival analysis

Survival Analysis Assumptions in Studies

Survival analysis studies the time until an event happens. The event may be death in a living organism or failure in a mechanical system. These models are used in medicine, biology, engineering, and public health to study time-to-event data. Careful study design matters because the method depends on several key assumptions. One common feature of survival times is positive skewness. This means events often happen early, while fewer cases occur later. Survival data also often include censoring,...

comparing the survival analysis of two or more groups

comparing-the-survival-analysis-of-two-or-more-groups

Kaplan-Meier Curves and Hazard Ratios

Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios help researchers compare survival time between groups. Survival analysis looks at the time until an event happens, such as death, disease recurrence, or recovery. It is a key tool in medical research. A major strength of survival analysis is that it can handle censored data. Censored data means the event has not happened for some participants by the end of the study, or it has not been observed. This makes survival analysis different from standard...

the mantel-cox log-rank test

Log-Rank Test for Comparing Survival Curves

The Mantel-Cox log-rank test compares survival curves from two groups. It checks whether the groups have a statistically significant difference in survival time. This makes it useful when the timing of an event matters, such as death or disease recurrence. The log-rank test is non-parametric. That means it does not assume a specific distribution for the survival data. It is also useful in medical research, where it often helps compare a new treatment with a control or standard treatment in...

applications of life tables

Life Tables in Public Policy and Science

Life tables are used in many fields to study mortality and survival rates. They give a numerical way to examine how long people or living things are likely to survive. This makes them useful for public health, business planning, and scientific research. In demography and public health, life tables help experts study population changes and predict future trends. They can show patterns such as an aging population or the effect of a health policy. In Nigeria, health officials used survival rates...

cancer survival analysis

Cancer Survival Curves and Risk Factors

Cancer survival analysis measures how long it takes from diagnosis or the start of treatment to a specific outcome, such as remission or death. It helps researchers judge treatment effectiveness and understand what affects patient outcomes. These results also support clinical decisions and prognostic evaluations. Survival data are often skewed and not normally distributed. They also include censored cases, where the full survival time is unknown because the study ends, a patient is lost to...

hazard rate

Modeling Event Risk Over Time

Hazard rate is a statistical measure that describes how event risk changes over time. It is also called the hazard function or failure rate. In survival analysis, it shows the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, but only after the subject has not had the event yet. From a probability view, hazard rate gives the chance that a subject will have the event in a very small time interval. That chance is conditional on surviving to the start of that interval. From a frequency view, it can...

hazard ratio

Hazard Ratio in Clinical Trials

The hazard ratio is a way to compare event risk in clinical trials. It is often used to study events such as death or disease recurrence in two groups over time. The two groups are usually a treatment group and a control group. A hazard ratio compares hazard rates, which are the instantaneous risk of an event happening at a given moment. It shows how the risk in one group relates to the risk in the other group. In a cancer drug study, for example, the hazard ratio can show how a new treatment...

truncation in survival analysis

Left and Right Truncation in Survival Data

Truncation in survival analysis describes data loss caused by the timing of an event or by when a subject can enter a study. It can happen in two forms: left truncation and right truncation. In both cases, some individuals are left out of the dataset before analysis begins. Left truncation happens when people who had the event before a set time are not included in the study. This often occurs with delayed entry, which means a person is only observed if they survive until the entry point. For...

censoring survival data

Types of Censoring in Survival Analysis

Survival analysis studies time-to-event data, which tracks how long it takes for an outcome to happen. It is used in medicine, engineering, and social science. A common problem in this type of data is censoring, which means the full event time is not observed for every person or item. Censoring can happen for several reasons and in different patterns. The most common kind is right censoring. This happens when the event has not occurred by the end of the study or when a participant is lost to...

survival tree

Survival Tree in Time-to-Event Analysis

A survival tree is a non-parametric tool in survival analysis that links predictor variables, or covariates, to survival time. Survival time is the time until an event of interest occurs. It is useful when some data are censored, which means the event has not happened for some people by the end of the study or the exact event time is unknown. Building a survival tree starts with a dataset that includes covariates, survival time, and a censoring indicator for each subject. The data must be...

parametric survival analysis: weibull and exponential methods

parametric-survival-analysis-weibull-and-exponential-methods

Modeling Survival Time with Weibull and Exponential

Parametric survival analysis models survival time by assuming a specific probability distribution for when an event occurs. The Weibull and exponential distributions are two common choices because they are flexible and relatively straightforward to use. The Weibull distribution is a flexible model in parametric survival analysis. It can describe both increasing and decreasing hazard rates, depending on its shape parameter beta. When beta is greater than 1, the hazard rate rises over time. That...

key terms and concepts

Explore life tables as tools for tracking survival, mortality rates, and life expectancy across age intervals in populations, public health, and ecology.

Life Tables and Survival Patterns | JoVE K12

statistics

JoVE Core 统计学（Statistics）向学生介绍了数据收集、分析、呈现和解释的概念和应用。 这些生动的课程提供了对来自广泛学科的学生有益的统计学的理解。 此外，"行动中的科学家"视频展示了相关概念在当今世界各地实验室进行的经典和原创研究实验中的应用

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.F

Observational Research

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Models, Theories, and Laws

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PHYS.1.A

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Experimental Designs

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Data Collection by Experiments

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Scientific Method

Observation and Background Research
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The Scientific Method in Nursing Process

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Apply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations, and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems

PHYS.1.B

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Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Electrical Safety Precautions and Basic Equipment

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Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

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Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards

PHYS.1.C

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

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Scientific Measurement and Lab Skills

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Cleaning Glassware

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Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

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	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
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Making Solutions in the Laboratory

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Use appropriate tools such as balances, ballistic carts or equivalent, batteries, computers, constant velocity cars, convex lenses, copper wire, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), data acquisition probes and software, dynamics and force demonstration equipment, electrostatic generators, electrostatic kits, friction blocks, graph paper, graphing technology, hand-held visual spectroscopes, inclined planes, iron filings, lab masses, laser pointers, magnets, magnetic compasses, metric rulers, motion detectors, multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), optics bench, optics kit, photogates, plane mirrors, prisms, protractors, pulleys, resistors, rope or string, scientific calculators, stopwatches, springs, spring scales, switches, tuning forks, wave generators, or other equipment and materials that will produce the same results.

PHYS.1.D

Units and Standards of Measurement

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International System of Units

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Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

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How Data are Classified: Numerical Data

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Quantitative Analysis

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Qualitative Analysis

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Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence

PHYS.1.E

Review and Preview

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Ogive Graph

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Histogram

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Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

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Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

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Multiple Bar Graph

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Pareto Chart

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Pie Chart

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A life table or a mortality table represents the survival patterns of a population.
It comprises multiple columns, each serving a practical purpose, ...

Contingency Table

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Organize quantitative and qualitative data using bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, data tables, labeled diagrams, and conceptual mathematical relationships

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Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems

IPC.1.G

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Life Tables and Survival Patterns

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