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Biology
电子行为
电子行为
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Electron Behavior

2.3: 电子行为

109,807 Views
00:54 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

电子是带负电荷的亚原子粒子,它们被吸引到原子核周围带正电荷的轨道上。它们位于与能级相关的位置,称为壳层,并进一步组织成每个壳层中的子壳层和轨道。

电子围绕原子核运转

电子存在于原子核外的特定位置。电子所在的壳层表明了电子的总能级:离原子核较近的原子能较少,而离原子核较远的原子能较多。子壳层更精确地描述了电子的位置和能级,而轨道描述了电子绕核运行的概率区域的形状。离原子核最近的电子的能量最低,而且随着电子和原子核之间距离的增加,电子携带的能量也随之增加。离原子核越远,电子的轨道空间就越大,这样外层能比内层能容纳更多的电子。原子最外层的电子位于价壳层中,称为价电子。这些电子与其它原子形成离子和共价键。

电子的发现

电子是第一个被发现的亚原子粒子。19世纪90年代末,约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆逊用阴极射线管进行了一系列实验,这将导致电子的发现。

阴极射线管是一种带有两个电极的玻璃管,电极与供电电源相连。真空使大部分空气从管子内部排出,当电压施加在电极上时,一束粒子从带负电的电极(阴极)传到带正电的电极(阳极)。阳极上有一个小孔,光线可以通过。当阴极射线击中管子的另一端时,它会发光。

汤姆逊将阴极射线引导到两块金属板之间,一块带正电荷,一块带负电荷,并测量射线在管子远端的位置。当射线穿过两个极板之间时,它偏离了带负电的极板,向带正电的极板方向弯曲。由于相同的电荷相互排斥,相反的电荷相互吸引,这表明构成阴极射线的粒子具有负电荷。计算阴极粒子的质量电荷比的进一步实验表明,每个带负电粒子的质量都很小,约为任何已知原子质量的1/2000。因此,汤姆逊得出结论,在任何给定的原子中都必须存在许多电子。后来,质子和中子的发现将解释原子中质量和总中性电荷的分布。

Transcript

电子是小的次原子颗粒

他们带负电

因此,他们会被电荷吸引

并绕着电荷旋转

构成原子体积的绝大部分

在这个简化的图表中

那些离电荷最近的

在第一层

他们拥有最少的能量

因此这个电子层

只有两个电子

下一层电子可以放进很多的高能量电子

并有更复杂的旋转路径

在最外层

这些颗粒被称为价电子

他们决定了元素的特性

因为他们可以被共享或者转移

到其他原子中形成共价键

或者离子化学键

Key Terms and Definitions

Atom – The smallest unit of matter, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Proton – A positively charged particle in the nucleus that defines the atomic number. Electron – A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus and affects the atom's charge. Neutron – A neutral particle in the nucleus that adds to the atom's mass. Valence electrons – Electrons in the outer shell that determine how an atom bonds with others..

Learning Objectives

Define Atom and Subatomic Particles – Identify matter’s building blocks: protons, neutrons, and electrons (e.g., atom) Trace History of Atomic Theory – Explore ideas from Democritus to Dalton and beyond (e.g., Dalton) Identify Key Discoveries – Describe findings by Thomson, Rutherford, and Chadwick (e.g., electron) Explain Mechanism or Process – Detail atomic structure: nucleus with protons/neutrons, electrons in orbitals Apply in Context – Use atomic number and mass to classify and compare elements in the periodic table

Questions that this video will help you answer

What are valence electrons and why are they important in chemistry? How do valence electrons affect chemical bonding and reactivity? What is the difference between valence electrons and core electrons?

This video is also useful for

Students – Learn effective strategies for studying and memorizing complex lists Educators – Teach memory techniques with concrete and engaging examples Researchers – Explore cognitive tools used in learning and memory enhancement Science Enthusiasts – Discover fun, structured ways to remember scientific facts

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