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共价键
共价键
JoVE Core
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JoVE Core Biology
Covalent Bonds

2.10: 共价键

163,749 Views
01:29 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

当两个原子共用电子来完成它们的价电子层时,它们就会形成共价键。原子的电负性——共用电子被拉向原子的力——决定了电子如何共用。由共价键形成的分子可以是极性的,也可以是非极性的。电负性相似的原子形成非极性共价键;电子是平均分配的。具有不同电负性的原子不平等地共用电子,从而形成极性键。

共价键是由两个共享电子形成的

一个原子能形成的共价键的数量取决于它有多少价电子。例如,氧具有八个可能的价电子中的六个,这意味着每个氧原子还需要两个以上的电子才能变得稳定。氧可以与另外两个原子形成单键,就像它与两个氢原子形成水一样 (化学式H2O)。氧也可以与另外一个原子形成双键,而这个原子也需要另外两个电子来完成它的八重态 (例如,另一个氧原子)。碳有四个价电子,因此可以形成四个共价键,就像在甲烷中一样 (CH4).

当形成共价键时,两个原子在一个形状不同于正常轨道的杂化轨道上共享一对电子。因此,参与键的电子绕着两个原子的原子核以一条修正的轨道运行。共价键很强,一旦形成,就不能被物理力破坏。

电负性决定了一个分子是极性的还是非极性的。

电负性是原子在键中吸引电子的倾向。最具负电性的原子是氟。从元素周期表右上角的氟开始(去掉最右边一栏的惰性气体),原子的电负性会随着元素周期表的左对角线移动而降低,使电负性最低的原子位于左下角(例如,钫或Fr)。如果原子具有极其不同的电负性,它们很可能形成离子而不是共价键。然而,对于相互形成共价键的原子,它们的电负性值决定了键是极性的还是非极性的。

非极性键是电子平均分配的键,分子上没有电荷。相反,极性键发生在一个原子比另一个原子电负性大,并把电子拉向它的时候。极性键的一侧带有部分负电荷,另一侧带有部分正电荷,这一点很重要,因为它使极性分子的行为不同于非极性分子。

极性分子是亲水性的,因为它们的部分电荷将它们吸引到其它带电分子上,这也意味着它们溶于水。非极性分子,即含有长链碳氢化合物的分子,如脂肪,据说是疏水性的。与极性分子不同,非极性分子不溶于水。细胞通常被液体包围,并有含有水的细胞质。因此,一个分子与水和其它带电分子相互作用的方式影响着它如何被细胞运输和使用。

Transcript

一个共价键会在两个

原子分享同一个电子时形成

该电子会使对方的外圈完整

以形成一个稳定的分子并带有一个连结

共价键的数量可以增加

这取决于他们共享多少电子

打个比方,当两个氧原子,

每个有个六个电子

共享两对电子,一个双共价键便形成了

这些键是非极性共价键

因为电子在两个原子间均衡共享

他们对电子在共价键中

有同样的吸引力

换句话说,两个原子拥有一样的电负性

原子越吸引共价键的电子

原子的电负性就越强

如果两个不同的元素有相同的电负性

就像氢和碳,他们会在非极性共价键中

均匀共享电子

但当两个不同的元素

有完全不同的电负性且连接在一起

他们就会不均等地分享电子

并带有极性共价键

打个比方,水又一个很强的氧

和两个弱氢

氧原子会在绝大多数情况下

吸引所有负电子

也会因此给氧原子负极

这种情况下,氢

会带有部分正电,让化合物出现极化

Key Terms and Definitions

Covalent bond – When two atoms share electrons to fill their outer shells and become more stable. Electronegativity – How strongly an atom pulls shared electrons toward itself in a bond. Polar molecule – A molecule with slightly charged ends due to uneven sharing of electrons. Nonpolar bond – A bond where atoms share electrons equally, with no partial charges formed. Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic – Polar molecules mix with water; nonpolar ones do not dissolve in it.

Learning Objectives

Define Covalent Bonds – Describe electron sharing to complete valence shells (e.g., H₂O) Contrast Bond Types – Compare polar vs. nonpolar molecules based on electronegativity (e.g., CH₄) Explore Real-World Examples – Link bond polarity to solubility and biological behavior (e.g., fats) Explain Mechanism or Process – Show how shared orbitals form stable, strong covalent bonds Apply in Context – Relate molecule polarity to solubility and function within watery cell environment

Questions that this video will help you answer

What is a covalent bond and how do atoms share electrons? How does electronegativity determine if a bond is polar or nonpolar? What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules?

This video is also useful for

Students – Learn effective strategies for studying and memorizing complex lists Educators – Teach memory techniques with concrete and engaging examples Researchers – Explore cognitive tools used in learning and memory enhancement Science Enthusiasts – Discover fun, structured ways to remember scientific facts

Explore More Videos

共价键 价电子 稳定分子 单键 双键 非极性共价键 电负性 极性共价键 部分负电荷 部分正电荷 共享电子

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