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Biology
蛋白质组织结构
蛋白质组织结构
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Protein Organization

3.2: 蛋白质组织结构

158,987 Views
01:13 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

蛋白质是生命的基本组成部分之一,在细胞中执行许多不同的功能。蛋白质是由氨基酸组成的。氨基酸的序列被称为蛋白质的一级结构。单个氨基酸的局部相互作用导致线性链折叠成二级结构。远端氨基酸的相互作用导致蛋白质(三级结构)的进一步折叠。多个折叠链(亚基)的组装称为四级蛋白质结构。

氨基酸的顺序决定了一级结构

在一条链上结合在一起的氨基酸称为多肽。氨基酸通过它们的氨基(-NH3) 和形成肽键的羧基 (-COOH) 连接。连接的碳和氮原子链是蛋白质的主链,氨基酸侧链垂直伸出。氨基酸残基在多肽链中的顺序是一级结构。

氨基酸残基间的氢键参与了二级结构

蛋白质骨架的氨基和羧基可以形成氢键。当邻近的多个氨基酸残基形成氢键时,可以形成 α(阿尔法)螺旋和 β(贝塔)折叠片等局部结构。这些都是常见的局部结构,产生所谓的蛋白质二级结构。

远侧链的相互作用决定了三级结构

蛋白质的三级结构描述蛋白质的三维排列。为了稳定三级结构,氨基酸残基相互作用,可能在多肽链中相隔很远。相互作用可以是弱的和非共价的(例如,离子键、疏水作用或氢键)或强的和共价的(例如,二硫化物桥)。所有的相互作用都有助于蛋白质的形状和功能。

多个多肽链可以形成一个蛋白质

到目前为止,我们认为蛋白质是由单一的多肽链产生的。许多蛋白质由亚单位组成,每个亚单位由一条多肽链构成。多个蛋白质亚基的组成和相互作用被称为四元结构。

Transcript

当氨基酸在转化过程中

从核糖体中出现时

形成蛋白质的一级结构

链状序列的长度可以变化

该肽链通过两个氨基酸

胺和羧基末端之间的共价键

结合在一起

随着肽延长氢键的形成

有些氨基酸键合到邻近的氨基酸上

导致链缩短或弯曲

产生了α螺旋结构

其它横向键合产生β折叠

这些结构就是我们所知的

蛋白质二级结构

发生在氨基酸侧基之间

间其他化学相互作用

包括疏水力

离子键和二硫键

进一步折叠形成3D球状的三级结构

这就是许多蛋白质的最终功能形式

如果三级结构的两个或多个肽链

结合形成更大的复合物

就会形成四级结构

以实现最佳相互作用

Explore More Videos

蛋白质组织 初级蛋白质结构 肽链 共价键 α 螺旋 β 折叠 二级结构 三级结构 四级结构 氨基酸 折叠 球状 3D 形状

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