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JoVE Core
Biology
什么是细胞?
Video Quiz
什么是细胞?
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
What are Cells?

4.1: 什么是细胞?

212,003 Views
01:07 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

细胞是生命组织的基本层次。有机体可以是单细胞的,就像原核生物和大多数真核原生生物一样,也可以是多细胞的,有机体的功能被分成不同的特化细胞群。在多细胞真核生物中,细胞是复杂结构的构件,具有多种形态和功能。

细胞的基本特征

细胞是所有生物体的组成部分,无论是构成整个生物体的单个细胞(如细菌)还是数万亿个细胞(如人类)。不管一个细胞是哪个有机体的一部分,它们都有各自的特点。

活细胞有一个质膜,一个脂质双层,它将细胞内的水溶液(也称为细胞质)从细胞外分离出来。

此外,活细胞可以自我复制,这就要求它拥有编码在DNA中的遗传信息。DNA可以定位于细胞的特定区域,如原核细胞的核仁,或者它可以包含在另一个膜内,例如真核的细胞核。真核生物是指真核。因此,原核生物一词意味着细胞是在生命史上出现膜结合核之前出现的一组细胞。

真核细胞的细胞器划分

原核细胞缺乏内膜。与此相反,真核生物有内膜,内膜包围着称为细胞器的小室。每一个细胞器完成一个特定的细胞功能,如膜结合的细胞核和线粒体。

某些细胞器的存在或不存在被用来对有机体进行分类。植物细胞拥有叶绿体,在叶绿体中将光能转化为糖,而动物细胞则含有溶酶体,溶酶体是一种膜封闭的腔室,酶在其中分解更大的分子。

Transcript

细胞是所有器官的砖块

从单细胞的细菌到多细胞的人类的细胞皆是如此

细胞可以分成两大类

原核细胞和真核细胞

原核细胞大多数是简单的单细胞有机体

它们没有细胞核

只有少数例外

它们的内部组成没有膜包围

例如 其DNA自由地归拢在细胞中心

的拟核区

与之相反 真核细胞拥有核膜包围的细胞核

它们的整体结构较为复杂

并分化出特定的细胞器

和具有专一作用的次级单位

像线粒体和内质网

它们发挥着不同的作用

而且 真核细胞有机体 例如植物和动物

它们的细胞组成各有不同

举个例子 一种典型的植物细胞具有叶绿体

而动物细胞却没有叶绿体

最后 理解细胞结构的复杂性

以及细胞的运作方式

在学习关于生物界知识方面是很有必要的

Explore More Videos

细胞 构建块 生物体 原核生物 真核生物 细胞核 膜结合 细胞器 叶绿体 质膜 细胞质 遗传信息 DNA

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