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JoVE Core
Biology
植物的张力
Video Quiz
植物的张力
JoVE Core
Biology
This content is Free Access.
JoVE Core Biology
Tonicity in Plants

5.8: 植物的张力

60,589 Views
00:53 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

张力是指细胞失去或获得水分的能力。这取决于不穿透膜的溶质的数量。张力决定渗透的大小和方向,并导致三种可能改变细胞体积的情况:高张力、低张力和等张力。由于结构和生理上的差异,植物细胞的强韧度在某些情况下与动物细胞的强韧度不同。

植物和低渗环境

与动物细胞不同的是,当周围的细胞外环境中的水比细胞质内部的水更多时,植物就会茁壮成长。在低渗环境中,水通过渗透作用进入细胞并使其膨胀,因为植物细胞内的溶质浓度高于外界。当水的流入使质膜推到细胞壁上时所产生的力称为膨压(turgor pressure)。与动物细胞相比,植物细胞具有刚性的细胞壁,限制了渗透诱导的质膜膨胀。通过限制膨胀,细胞壁防止细胞破裂并导致植物变硬(即变得肿胀)。膨胀性允许植物保持直立而不是枯萎。

植物与高渗环境

如果不能吸收足够的水,植物就会枯萎。在这种情况下,它们的细胞外环境变得高渗,导致水通过渗透作用离开内部。结果,液泡变小,质膜脱离细胞壁,导致细胞质收缩。这一过程被称为质膜分离,也是植物失去膨压和枯萎的原因。

植物和等渗环境

在等渗环境中,植物细胞内外都有水的平衡。因此,和动物细胞一样,植物细胞体积没有变化。

植物渗透调节

各种不同的植物细胞结构和策略有助于在极端条件下保持适当的渗透平衡。例如,干燥环境中的植物将水储存在液泡中,限制气孔的开口,并有厚厚的蜡质角质层,以防止不必要的水分流失。一些生活在咸环境中的植物在根部储存盐。作为结果,水从周围的土壤渗透到根部。

Transcript

当植物周围环境有了

比细胞质更多的水

植物就会茁壮成长

在这个低渗压的例子中,水会进入细胞中

并让它们充满水

坚硬的外壁限制住了质膜的扩展

这让膨胀压把细胞变得更坚固

并把它紧紧包裹住

对比之下,如果细胞内部

比细胞外壁有更多的水

外界环境就变成了高渗压

水就会外流

因此,质膜

就会从细胞壁脱离,使细胞质更紧缩

这个现象叫做质壁分离

这就是为什么植物会失去膨胀压从而凋谢

Explore More Videos

强直性 植物 水 细胞外环境 细胞质内部 低渗 膨胀 刚性壁 膨胀压力 质膜 直立 高渗 浓缩 流出 分离 质离子溶解 枯萎 溶出 穿透膜 渗透 高渗 低渗 等渗 植物细胞 动物细胞

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