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Home
JoVE Core
Biology
吞噬作用
吞噬作用
JoVE Core
Biology
This content is Free Access.
JoVE Core Biology
Phagocytosis

5.15: 吞噬作用

93,299 Views
00:41 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

细胞向内拉动颗粒并将其吞噬在球形囊泡中,这是一种称为吞噬作用的能量需求过程。吞噬作用(“细胞摄食”)是内吞作用的三种主要类型之一。细胞利用吞噬作用摄取大型物体,如其它细胞(或其碎片)、细菌甚至病毒。

吞噬的目的往往是破坏。细胞利用吞噬作用来消除不受欢迎的访客,如病原体(如病毒和细菌)。也许并不奇怪,许多免疫系统细胞,包括中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和单核细胞,利用吞噬作用破坏病原体或受感染的宿主细胞。除了免疫系统细胞外,变形虫、藻类和其它单细胞生物还利用吞噬作用进食。

当一种微粒(如病毒)接触到吞噬细胞(即吞噬细胞)时,吞噬就开始了。有时候,这是一次偶然的相遇。其它时候,吞噬细胞跟随一个化学信号到达微粒,这个过程称为趋化。吞噬细胞最终通过表面受体与颗粒或细胞结合。不同类型的吞噬细胞使用不同的受体进行吞噬。这些受体可能是一般性的,对各种刺激有反应,或者是特异性的。

吞噬细胞开始包围并吞噬附着在其表面的颗粒,其方法是在颗粒周围延伸细胞质区域,称为伪足。伪足继续包围着颗粒,直到它完全被包裹并被挤压到细胞质中。颗粒和囊泡一起形成吞噬体。

然后吞噬体与溶酶体融合,形成吞噬体。溶酶体是在高酸性环境中处理细胞废物的球形细胞质细胞器。吞噬体和溶酶体的融合使被吞噬的颗粒与中和或消除颗粒的降解酶接触。最终,吞噬体形成一种废物,含有从细胞中释放出来的残余体。

Transcript

内吞作用的一种现象

吞噬,或称细胞吞食,

指当细胞表面的受体

遇到要消化的粒子的现象

于是细胞伸张称作伪足的凸出物

就哺乳动物而言,该物体通常是入侵的微生物

或者受伤组织的细胞碎片

伪足则包围该物体,

然后膜融合在一起

创造围困粒子的空泡

最后空泡再次融合,

这次和充满酶的溶酶体融合在一起

而后准备消化

Explore More Videos

吞噬作用 内吞作用 细胞吃 伪足 液泡 溶酶体 酶 球形囊泡 需要能量的过程 大型物体 破坏 病原体 免疫系统细胞 中性粒细胞 巨噬细胞 单核细胞 变形虫 藻类

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