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JoVE Core
Biology
内分泌信号
内分泌信号
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Endocrine Signaling

6.10: 内分泌信号

67,755 Views
01:45 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

内分泌受体有两种:细胞表面受体和细胞内受体。细胞表面受体的工作原理与其它膜结合受体类似。激素,配体,与激素特异性G蛋白偶联受体结合。这会引发受体的构象变化,释放G蛋白的一个亚单位。该蛋白通过触发信号级联和转录因子激活第二信使,使信息内化。

许多激素通过细胞表面受体起作用,包括肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、胰岛素、前列腺素、催乳素和生长激素。

类固醇激素,如睾酮、雌激素和黄体酮,通过细胞内受体传递信号。这些激素是小的疏水分子,所以它们直接通过细胞外膜。一旦进入细胞内,如果该细胞是靶细胞,激素就会与受体结合。结合在受体中产生构象变化,激活其作为转录因子的潜能。一旦激活,受体或激素受体复合物促进或抑制基因表达。

细胞内激素受体是受体的一个大的超家族,但它们都有一个类似的具有三个不同结构域的多肽链。N-端是活性转录因子结构域。中间包含一个特定于兴趣基因的DNA 结合域。激素与C端的一个结构域结合。

Transcript

内分泌信号传导发生在位于 不同器官的细胞需要交流时, 例如垂体 与肾脏交流时。 发生这种情况时,激素,信号配体, 利用血流到达其靶细胞。 例如,垂体腺通过将激素精氨酸 加压素或AVP释放到 血液中来通知肾脏从尿液中重吸收水。

当血液在肾脏中过滤后, AVP会与目标肾细胞上的G蛋白偶 联受体AVPR2结合。 激素激活后,G蛋白亚基 与受体解偶联,并激活腺苷酸环化酶, 形成第二个信使,环状AMP。 环状AMP激活涉及蛋白激酶A或PKA的 细胞内信号传导级联。

PKA具有两个功能。 首先,它磷酸化保留在细胞质 囊泡中的水通道蛋白通道APQ2。 这种作用将囊泡和通道 带到细胞膜,使水流回 到肾细胞。 其次,PKA使细胞核中的CREB磷酸化, 使其结合水通道蛋白2基因, 开始其转录,然后转化成 新的水通道蛋白通道。 因此,内分泌信号传导是渗透调节 和远程细胞群必须 通信的其他功能的关键步骤。

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内分泌信号传导 细胞 器官 通讯 垂体 肾脏 激素 配体 血流 靶细胞 精氨酸加压素 AVP G蛋白偶联受体 AVPR2 肾细胞 活化 腺苷酸环化酶 环腺苷酸 细胞内信号级联反应 蛋白激酶A PKA 水通道蛋白通道 APQ2 细胞质囊泡 细胞膜 水流 CREB 基因转录和翻译 渗透调节

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