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Home
JoVE Core
Biology
离子通道
离子通道
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
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6.13: 离子通道

91,157 Views
01:19 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

离子通道维持细胞的膜电位。对于大多数细胞,特别是易兴奋的细胞,由于负离子比正离子多,细胞内部的负电荷比细胞外部的负电荷多。对于易兴奋的细胞,如兴奋的神经元、收缩的肌肉细胞或感觉触觉细胞,膜电位必须能够迅速地从负电位转变为正电位。为了达到这一目的,细胞依靠两种类型的离子通道:配体门控通道和电压门控通道。

配体门控离子通道,也称为离子型受体,是形成通道但也具有结合位点的跨膜蛋白。 当配体结合到表面时,它将打开离子通道。 常见的离子受体包括NMDA,海藻酸酯和AMPA谷氨酸受体以及烟碱乙酰胆碱受体。虽然大多数离子受体是通过神经递质(如谷氨酸或乙酰胆碱)的细胞外结合激活的,但有些离子本身可以在细胞内被离子激活。

当一个配体,如谷氨酸或乙酰胆碱与其受体结合时,它允许钠离子(Na+)和钙离子 (Ca++)流入细胞。阳性离子,或阳离子,沿着其电化学梯度,从较阳性的细胞外表面移动到较阴性(较阴性)的细胞内表面。这改变了受体附近的膜电位,进而激活附近的电压门控离子通道,将膜电位的变化传播到整个细胞。

另一个配体门控离子通道GABAA受体允许氯离子 (Cl-)进入细胞。这实际上降低了膜电位,限制了繁殖效应,抑制了可兴奋细胞。

电压门控离子通道随着膜电位的变化而打开或关闭,例如当相邻的配体门控离子通道打开时。有几种不同类型的电压门控通道具有选择性磁导率,这意味着离子是按大小和电荷过滤的。电压门控钙通道是肌肉收缩和神经递质释放的重要途径。钾通道在动作电位作用后使细胞膜复极。电压门控质子通道在去极化过程中打开,以去除细胞中的质子。

离子通道可能在偏头痛中起作用。硬脑膜是大脑的保护层。它由几条颅神经支配。据推测偏头痛起源于这些神经。硬脑膜中的配体门控离子通道和电压门控离子通道都可能通过改变膜电位增强疼痛信号。

Transcript

【讲师】目前有两种主要的 离子通道型偶联受体,即配基门控和电压门控。 两者拥有各自的信号 提示打开自选孔隙 使特定离子穿过。 第一种,也就是配基门控性离子通道, 会在信号分子或 细胞内或细胞外配基, 如神经递质或离子, 连接至内在膜蛋白时打开, 从而导致其改变形状。 门控打开后,离子会跨膜扩散, 并引起细胞反应。 与此相反,在电压门控性离子通道 这个特殊区域中,电压感应器 会感知膜电位水平, 即细胞内外的净电位差, 继而改变受体形状,打开门控, 允许离子出入,以平衡电位。

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离子通道 配体门控离子通道 电压门控离子通道 选择性孔 信号分子 神经递质 电压传感器 膜电位 净电荷差 细胞反应 钠 钾 钙 电化学梯度 膜转运蛋白 质膜

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