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JoVE Core
Biology
酶联受体
酶联受体
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Enzyme-linked Receptors

6.14: 酶联受体

86,750 Views
01:00 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

酶联受体是同时起受体和酶作用的蛋白质,它能激活多种细胞内信号。这是一个大的受体群,包括受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)家族。许多生长因子和激素结合并激活RTK。

RTKs也被称为神经营养素 (NT)受体,因为它们结合神经生长因子 (NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)、NT-3、NT-4/5、 NT-6和NT-7。生长因子通常与原肌球蛋白相关激酶受体RTK的(Trk)亚家族结合:Trk A、Trk B、和Trk C。 Trk A对NGF、 NT-6和NT-7有特异性。Trk B结合BDNF和NT-4/5,而Trk C对NT-3有特异性。NT-3对Trk A和TrkB的亲和力也较低。

Trk受体有一个跨膜结构域,细胞外有一个生长因子结合位点,细胞内有一个酶激活位点。Trk受体可以是单体或二聚体,其中两个Trk受体结合在一起。为了激活受体,一个生长因子分子要么结合两个单体受体,使它们二聚,要么结合预二聚受体上的两个位点。

一旦受体结合,酪氨酸通过从ATP中提取磷酸盐并将其相互捐赠而磷酸化,这一过程称为“自磷酸化”;这就打开了受体细胞内区域的对接位点。每个对接位点对不同的信号蛋白都有特异性。这增加了这些受体调节的下游效应的多样性。

NGF和Trk A之间的相互作用因其在阿尔茨海默病进展中的作用而受到关注。在这种紊乱中,神经元会形成淀粉样斑块。淀粉样蛋白β是淀粉样前体蛋白或APP的细胞毒性片段。推测NGF与其Trk A受体结合,通过将APP与Trk A受体结合,减少淀粉样β的生成。这消除了β-分泌酶1(BACE1)将APP切割成淀粉样β的能力。此外,Trk A受体可以将APP穿梭到BACE1酶罕见的高尔基体(Golgi)上。在阿尔茨海默病患者的大脑中,Trk A/APP 复合物在学习和记忆的重要区域(如海马体)被下调。

Transcript

一些受体也可以作为酶, 加速化学反应的分子。 一个这样的例子是受体酪氨酸激酶,或RTK。 当一个信号分子,配体结合, 两个绑定的RTK二次化或聚合。

这个过程激活受体上的酪氨酸区域 然后转移一个磷酸基 从ATP到二聚体对侧的酪氨酸 在一个叫做磷酸化的过程中。 一旦所有的酪氨酸都附着磷酸盐, 二聚体完全激活。 现在不同类型的中继蛋白 可附着于特定的磷酸化酪氨酸 并通过形状的变化, 启动自己的信号转导途径 这会导致细胞反应。

Explore More Videos

酶联受体 受体酪氨酸激酶 RTK 配体 二聚化 磷酸化 中继蛋白 信号转导途径 细胞内信号 生长因子 激素 神经营养因子受体 TrkA TrkB TrkC 神经生长因子 (NGF) 脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 跨膜结构域

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