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Home
JoVE Core
Biology
活化能
活化能
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Activation Energy

7.7: 活化能

86,355 Views
01:26 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

活化能是化学反应进行所必需的最低能量。活化能越高,反应速率越慢。然而,在反应中增加热量会增加反应速度,因为它会使分子运动得更快,增加分子碰撞的可能性。键的碰撞和断裂代表了反应的上升期,并产生过渡态。过渡态是反应物的不稳定高能态。新的化学键和最终产物的形成,以及自由能的释放是反应的下坡阶段。催化剂通过降低活化能来提高反应速率。例如,在生物学中,代谢糖和脂肪的酶增加了糖和脂肪分解的速度,同时,防止自由能的过度生产,否则会使细胞中的蛋白质变性。

催化剂

催化剂是一种通过降低活化能来提高反应速率的物质,在这个过程中,催化剂会自我再生。催化剂为反应的发生提供了一种替代的途径或机制,并加速了正、反反应。在生物学中,酶是催化剂的例子,因为它们降低了细胞新陈代谢反应所需的活化能。

例如,人类将糖和脂肪代谢为能量。酶对于人类分解这些分子是至关重要的,因为如果仅使用热能,以热能形式释放的自由能将导致细胞中的蛋白质变性。此外,热能对所有反应都有非特异性催化作用。然而,酶只与特定的化学反应物结合,称为底物,并降低它们的活化能来催化选择性的细胞反应。

Transcript

【讲师】活化能是指 在常态反应物之间引发化学反应 所需要的能量。 这种能量通常源自热能, 热能会使分子更快速地移动 并互相碰撞, 从而导致反应物的化学键断裂。 因此,原反应物需要 自由能来发生该反应。

如该曲线的上升部分所示, 这就是该反应所需的 活化能能量。 峰值阶段,即过度状态的 无束缚分子处于不稳定的条件下。 由于原子再次与新键相接, 因此,它们会向环境中释放自由能, 如该反应曲线的下降部分 所示。

虽然人类能将糖分和脂肪代谢为能量, 但如果热能被用于分解这些分子, 那么,很多自由能就会进行热释放, 细胞内的蛋白质就会变性。 作为催化剂的物质反而会被 特意加入,以调节 代谢率,即加速代谢。 例如,作为生物催化剂的酶 会使破坏化学键所需的活化能降低, 并在代谢率合理且不破坏细胞的情况下, 允许反应发生。

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活化能 化学反应 反应物 热能 分子 键 自由能 过渡态 催化剂 新陈代谢 酶 反应速率

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