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Home
JoVE Core
Biology
核苷酸切除修复
Video Quiz
核苷酸切除修复
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Nucleotide Excision Repair

13.9: 核苷酸切除修复

41,387 Views
01:08 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

“暴露在诱变剂中会损伤DNA,导致大面积损伤,扭曲双螺旋结构或阻碍正确的转录。受损的DNA可以通过核苷酸切除修复(ner)过程检测和修复。ner利用一组特殊的蛋白质,首先扫描DNA以检测受损区域。下一步,内质网蛋白分离链并切除受损区域。最后,他们用新的匹配核苷酸来协调替换。”

DNA畸变与损伤

细胞经常暴露在环境中的诱变剂中,这些诱变剂会破坏DNA并产生突变。紫外线辐射是最常见的诱变剂之一,据估计会给DNA带来大量的变化。这些包括结构上的弯曲或扭结,可以阻止DNA复制或转录。如果这些错误得不到纠正,损伤会导致突变,而突变又会导致癌症或疾病,这取决于哪些序列被破坏。

受损区域的识别和修复

核苷酸切除修复依赖于特定的蛋白质复合物来识别DNA的受损区域,并标记它们以便去除和修复。在原核生物中,这个过程涉及三种蛋白质:UvrA, UvrB 和 UvrC。前两种蛋白质以复合物的形式协同工作,沿着DNA链行进,以检测任何物理畸变。

一旦确定,受损部位的链被分离,并且诸如UvrC的核酸内切酶切割并切除受影响的区域。DNA聚合酶用新核苷酸填补缺口,然后DNA连接酶将新DNA和旧DNA之间的边缘封闭起来。

内质网突变有严重后果

在原核生物中,内质网复合物由三种Uvr蛋白组成,但在真核生物中,有十几种蛋白质起调节DNA修复的作用。在人类中,内质网途径的突变可导致诸如着色性干皮病 (XP)等疾病,这与皮肤癌发病率增加2000倍有关。患xp的人对紫外线非常敏感,只要暴露在阳光下几分钟,就会发生严重的皮肤烧伤。此外, XP患者可能表现出早衰的迹象,并经常出现神经异常。如果没有一个有效的修复机制,DNA损伤会累积并导致异常细胞死亡或潜在的癌症肿瘤。

Transcript

DNA暴露于紫外线

和某些化学致癌物质会导致大块病变

使其正常结构发生特定变形

这种类型的损伤可以通过

核苷酸切除修复的过程来修复

这个过程从酶复合物开始

这里显示的是含有蛋白质UvrA和UvrB的

大肠杆菌沿着DNA传播

并检测病变的物理像差

在该位置 链被分开

内切核酸酶如UvrC在

损伤的两侧将链切割

DNA解旋酶将切割部分清除

另一种酶DNA 聚合酶用新的核苷酸

填补了这一空白

最后 DNA连接酶密封

新旧DNA之间的边缘 完成修复

Explore More Videos

核苷酸切除修复 DNA 修复 紫外线损伤 化学致癌物 大块病变 酶复合物 UvrA UvrB 核酸内切酶 UvrC DNA 解旋酶 DNA 聚合酶 DNA 连接酶 诱变剂 双螺旋结构扭曲 正确转录 受损 DNA 检测

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