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Biology
激素调节
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激素调节
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Hormonal Regulation

17.8: 激素调节

49,131 Views
01:40 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

激素通过激活神经内分泌系统调节消化的很大一部分。消化的神经内分泌系统包含许多不同的激素,它们都具有多种功能,直接或间接地参与消化。

过程

从胃开始,当肠神经系统的感觉神经元检测到蛋白质时,幽门腺被刺激释放胃泌素。反过来,这种激素会诱导组胺的释放。它们结合在一起,产生盐酸,促进消化,将食物变成食糜。当胃的pH值变得更酸时,一个负反馈回路停止了两种激素的产生。

然后食糜移到十二指肠,在那里释放出几种激素,每种激素都有多种功能。有些会抑制胃部的消化。胃抑制肽(GIP)减缓胃翻腾分泌素抑制胃液分泌,并与胆囊收缩素(CCK)一起诱导胃和十二指肠之间的幽门括约肌关闭。这限制了十二指肠的食糜体积,从而加快消化速度。

一旦在十二指肠中,分泌素快速释放胰腺中的碳酸氢化合物。这降低了衣原体的酸性,保护了十二指肠的敏感性连接,并在消化酶能发挥作用的环境中建立了最佳环境。当CCK刺激时,消化酶和胆汁从胰腺和胆囊中释放出来,从而使消化继续通过小肠。

在小肠的末端,回肠中,会释放另一种激素:肽YY(PYY),就像食糜进入大肠一样。随着时间的推移,这种激素会释放出来,大约在进食后1-2小时达到峰值。它的作用是减缓食糜进入大肠的速度,从而最大限度地吸收水和电解质。它还充当大脑的饱腹信号,指示机体停止进食。PYY可能与肥胖有关。与非肥胖者相比,肥胖者的PYY水平较低。合成PYY类似物正在被用来研究作为一种可能的肥胖症治疗方法。

Transcript

消化涉及神经内分泌系统, 在整个过程不同时期 大脑监测和释放 消化激素。 在胃中,在胃阶段, 当检测到蛋白质时,腺体会释放出两种激素, 胃泌素和组胺,刺激产生 盐酸和增加胃液, 将食物分解为食糜。 食糜来到十二指肠的时候, 会引起几种激素的释放, 停止胃中的消化过程, 并将开始调节食糜通过 系统的其余部分的节奏。

例如,胃抑制肽或GIP, 减慢胃部搅动。 抑制分泌和胆囊收缩素,或CCK, 然后引起胃之间的括约肌 和十二指肠关闭,限制食糜的释放。 抑制分泌还抑制胃液的产生 并刺激从胰腺的释放碳酸氢盐 来中和食糜的酸度, CCK刺激产生胰腺的消化酶 胆囊胆汁。

最后,肽YY是由回肠、 小肠的末端和结肠释放的激素。 它减缓了食糜向结肠的运动, 这样可以很容易地吸收水和电解质。 肽YY也是我饱了的信号, 会被输送到送到大脑以停止进食过程。

Explore More Videos

荷尔蒙调节 神经内分泌系统 消化激素 胃泌素 组胺 盐酸 胃液 食糜 十二指肠 胃抑制肽 (GIP) 促胰液素 胆囊收缩素 (CCK) 括约肌 胰腺 胆汁 肽 YY 回肠 结肠

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