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JoVE Core
Biology
肌肉收缩
肌肉收缩
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Muscle Contraction

20.7: 肌肉收缩

95,203 Views
01:15 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

在骨骼肌中,乙酰胆碱由运动终板的神经末梢释放 - 运动神经元和肌纤维之间的突触通讯点。乙酰胆碱与肌膜上的受体的结合允许钠离子进入细胞并在肌细胞中触发动作电位。因此,来自大脑的电信号被传递到肌肉。随后,酶乙酰胆碱酯酶分解乙酰胆碱以防止过度的肌肉刺激。

患有重症肌无力的个体,会产生抗乙酰胆碱受体的抗体这可以防止运动神经元和肌肉纤维之间的电信号传输,并损害骨骼肌收缩。重症肌无力的治疗方法是使用抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶(使神经递质有更多机会刺激其余受体)或抑制免疫系统(防止抗体形成)的药物。

平滑肌收缩

与骨骼肌不同,内脏壁上的平滑肌受自主神经系统的支配,并经历不自主的收缩。收缩是由肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白之间的相互作用介导的。肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白的相互作用与细胞内钙浓度密切相关。细胞外钙通过肌膜上的钙通道进入细胞,或从肌浆网在细胞内释放,以响应神经递质或激素信号或肌肉拉伸。在细胞内,钙与调节蛋白钙调素结合。钙-钙调蛋白复合物随后激活肌球蛋白轻链激酶,该酶使肌球蛋白磷酸化,并使其与肌动蛋白相互作用,导致肌肉收缩。

Transcript

【旁白】自主的骨骼肌收缩 是有意识地在大脑中 从额叶开始,然后到达初级运动皮质, 最后激活位于脊髓前角的 α运动神经元。 这个信号会继续沿神经 传递至具体的肌纤维,例如二头肌。 动作电位会在肌纤维的 运动终板处终止, 运动神经元则会在此处通过肌纤维 建立突触联系,并触发释放 神经递质乙酰胆碱。

乙酰胆碱会扩散至整个 突触间隙,并与受体结合。 结果是,肌纤维膜 会更易于渗透钠离子, 导致更多的动作电位 沿其外部表面扩散, 并通过横肌或横小管 进入肌纤维的内部, 从而触发钙离子 从肌质网释放至肌原纤维。 这种钙释放会引发肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白的 横桥活动,需要观察 肌肉缩短和收缩的情况。

Explore More Videos

肌肉收缩 自主骨骼肌收缩 大脑 额叶 初级运动皮层 阿尔法运动神经元 脊髓 神经 肌纤维 二头肌 动作电位 运动终板 神经递质乙酰胆碱 肌氨酸 钠离子 钙离子 肌浆网 肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白交叉桥活性 肌肉缩短 运动神经元 突触通讯 肌球菌受体

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