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Biology
气体交换和运输
Video Quiz
气体交换和运输
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Gas Exchange and Transport

22.4: 气体交换和运输

78,026 Views
01:20 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

气体交换,从环境中吸收分子氧(O 2 )和二氧化碳(CO 2 )流入环境,是细胞功能所必需的。呼吸期间的气体交换主要通过气体分子沿压力梯度的运动而发生。气体从较高分压区域行进到较低分压区域。在哺乳动物中,气体交换发生在肺泡,其与毛细血管相邻并与它们共用膜。

当肺膨胀时,相对于大气压力的降低会将氧气吸入肺中。从环境进入肺部的空气比从心脏流向肺部的耗氧血液具有更高的氧浓度和更低的二氧化碳浓度。因此,氧气从肺泡扩散到毛细血管中的血液,在那里氧气可以被输送到组织中。相反,二氧化碳从毛细血管扩散到肺泡,在那里可以通过呼气排出。

分压

气体的流动是由每种气体的压力梯度决定的,每种气体都沿其梯度向下移动。气体混合物中单个气体所施加的压力是它的分压,每种气体都从较高的分压移动到较低的分压。因此,O2 和 CO2的运动没有直接关系。

大局

在细胞呼吸过程中,氧气被人体用来将糖和其它有机分子转化为能量化合物ATP。细胞呼吸的副产物是CO2,需要从细胞中去除,否则会改变pH值,损害细胞。因为氧气是为重要的细胞功能提供能量所必需的,并且不能让CO2积聚起来,所以人体需要不断的血液进出所有组织,以实现气体交换。

肺泡

呼吸和循环系统在结构和功能上在肺泡处汇合。肺泡和毛细血管交织在一起,相互接触,由于两者都是典型的单细胞厚,气体交换很容易发生在两者之间。即使肺不是很大,但交换的O2和CO2量也是很大的,因为每个肺有这么多肺泡,每个肺泡的表面积约为100 m2!

Transcript

氧气供应和去除二氧化碳是

细胞功能和存活的必要条件

该气体交换由气体扩散到

较低分压区域驱动

一种气体在呼吸系统和循环系统的

不同部分的气体混合物中

施加的压力

当氧气进入肺部时

它与残余空气混合 降低氧气的

肺泡分压 增加肺部

对氧气的吸收

然后氧气通过肺泡扩散到

邻近的毛细血管中

再次移动到较低的分压介质中

在血液中

氧气与红细胞中的

呼吸性色素血红蛋白结合

并传播到氧气分压较低的组织

因此它与血红蛋白分离并被释放

以同样的方式 二氧化碳从组织

到血液的压力梯度下降

并被输送回肺部

在那里压力梯度将二氧化碳

驱入肺泡 氧气进入血液

再次开始循环

Explore More Videos

气体交换 氧气供应 二氧化碳去除 扩散 分压 肺 肺泡 毛细血管 呼吸色素血红蛋白 红细胞 组织 呼吸

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