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Home
JoVE Core
Biology
水循环
水循环
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
The Water Cycle

27.7: 水循环

28,057 Views
01:00 min
March 11, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

地球的水圈包括水的储存和运动的所有区域。由于水是所有生命过程的基础,水的循环对于生态系统动态非常重要。

水循环开始于太阳加热陆地和海洋的地表水,使其蒸发并以蒸汽的形式进入大气。水汽凝结成云,最终以雨、雪或冰雹的形式降下。

水回到地球后,可能进入大的水体,再次蒸发,作为径流留在地表,或渗入土壤,在土壤中被植物吸收并蒸发(从树叶的孔隙中释放并蒸发到大气中)或成为地下水。深层地下水可能形成水库或含水层,浅层地下水最终到达水体,在那里可以作为地表水蒸发,以继续循环。

长期储存

人类细胞70%以上是水,陆地上几乎所有的生物都需要淡水才能生存。然而,地球上97.5%的水是咸水,只有不到1%的淡水可以通过河流和湖泊获得。地球上的大部分水存在于海洋中的冰、地下水或咸水中,许多植物、动物和真菌无法进入,短期内无法使用。在这些形式中,水在进入水循环之前被长期储存,称为停留时间。

短期水循环

来自太阳的能量加热陆地和海洋的地表水,使其通过蒸发、升华(固体形式的冰蒸发)和蒸腾(植物的水蒸发)进入大气。然后,水蒸气凝结成云,最终以降水(如雨或雪)的形式落到地球上。返回地表的水可以:填满水体,再次从地面蒸发,渗透到土壤中被植物吸收和吸收,作为地下水在地表下流动,或长期储存在含水层中。

Transcript

水圈是指地球上 水出现的整个区域。 地球上大部分水源都存在于 咸水海洋中,那里的单个水分子 可能会持续3000多年, 这个数值被称为停留时间。 重要淡水资源中的水分子, 例如湖泊和河流,循环速度更快。

太阳的能量使水温变暖, 将海洋、河流和湖泊中的地表水 蒸发到大气中, 并凝聚成云。 然后水又以沉淀方式回到地表。 现在,它可以以河流和湖泊的径流方式 返回大海,渗入土壤, 储存在含水层中,作为地下水在地表下流动 或者通过陆生植物的蒸腾作用 再次蒸发。

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水循环 水圈 水分子 咸水海洋 停留时间 淡水来源 蒸发 冷凝 降水 径流 含水层 地下水 蒸腾作用 生态系统动态 蒸气 云 降水形式

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