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JoVE Core
Biology
昆虫中的渗透调节
昆虫中的渗透调节
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Osmoregulation in Insects

23.6: 昆虫中的渗透调节

17,634 Views
01:47 min
August 1, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

马氏小管是在许多节肢动物的消化系统中发现的特殊结构,包括大多数处理排泄和渗透调节的昆虫。细管通常成对布置并且具有增加其表面积的旋绕结构。

马氏管从消化道(通常是中肠和后肠之间的区域)延伸到血淋巴,血淋巴是昆虫和其它节肢动物以及大多数软体动物血液和间质液体的混合物。

与其它排泄系统不同,马氏管的排泄过程缺乏一个过滤步骤。代谢废物,如尿酸,从血淋巴扩散到肾小管。

小管内衬一层运输上皮。这些特殊的上皮细胞含有泵,能主动地将钠(Na+)和钾(K+)等离子从血淋巴输送到称为管腔的小管内部。渗透作用使水被动地跟随离子进入小管。

水、离子和废物从管腔进入直肠。小管内微微凸起的微绒毛有助于最大化结合溶质-水和推进尿酸结晶通过小管。

在直肠,特殊的腺体将许多离子泵回血淋巴。渗透作用再次允许水跟随离子被动地回到血淋巴。剩下的含氮废物,主要由浓尿酸组成,然后可以作为糊状物或粉末与粪便一起从直肠排出。这种循环水和离子的系统可以有效地让动物在沙漠等脱水环境中保存水。

马氏管的数量因物种、发育阶段甚至个体的不同而不同。例如, 工蚁举腹蚁属和美洲斑蝗约有5条马氏管, 沙漠蝗虫 ( 沙漠蝗 ) 约有250条!

Transcript

昆虫栖息在地球上的每一个大陆上

甚至在南极洲的寒冷地区

几乎每个栖息地都有昆虫

为了在如此多样的栖息地生存

昆虫必须适应多种环境

其中之一就是对脱水的抵抗力

渗透调节是许多能够耐受

干燥环境的适应方法之一

它能让昆虫保持足够的水分

来补水 并像鸟类一样

排泄糊状或固体的废物

大多数昆虫的消化道中

都有马氏管 它从肠道延伸到血淋巴

相当于昆虫的血液

尿酸等废物

从血淋巴进入马氏管

小管中排列着

含有分子交换泵的细胞

这些交换泵吸收钠和钾等

被输送到小管中的离子

离子浓度的增加使水

通过渗透作用被动地跟随离子进入小管

废物、水和离子从小管

或管腔的内腔进入直肠

在这里 大部分离子被输送回

血淋巴

由于渗透作用 水又被动地跟随离子回到

血淋巴中 从而可在干旱时

进入血淋巴

尿酸和其他废物随后以粉末

或废物的形式从体内排出

因此 昆虫的渗透调节

使它们能够安全地排泄废物

同时尽可能多地保存水分

Explore More Videos

渗透调节 昆虫 适应 脱水 水潴留 排泄 马氏小管 血淋巴 废物 尿酸 离子 钠 钾 渗透 直肠

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