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JoVE Core
Biology
拱心石物种
Video Quiz
拱心石物种
JoVE Core
Biology
A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content.  Sign in or start your free trial.
JoVE Core Biology
Keystone Species

28.9: 拱心石物种

25,209 Views
01:39 min
August 1, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

物种生物多样性的测量,如丰富度(即存在的物种数量)和均匀度(即它们的相对丰度),描述了生态群落的结构。许多因素影响群落结构,包括非生物因素(例如,阳光和营养物),干扰(例如火灾或洪水),物种相互作用(例如捕食或竞争)和偶然事件(例如,外来物种入侵)。某些物种,如基石物种,也在社区结构中发挥关键作用。

相对于它们的丰富度,关键物种对群落结构有着不成比例的巨大影响。关键物种对较低营养水平的生物实行自上而下的控制,并减少这些生物对生态系统资源的开发。潮间带海星是影响太平洋沿岸海带森林生态系统生物多样性的关键物种。如果海星被移除,它们的猎物种类(贻贝)的数量就会增加。如果不加以控制,贻贝会在群落中泛滥,并取代其它生物,从而改变群落的物种组成,减少生物多样性。

关键物种的识别对生态系统的维护和恢复具有重要意义。北美灰狼是影响大黄石生态系统(GYE)生物多样性的关键物种。20世纪初,人类猎杀灰狼几乎灭绝,因为牧场主担心灰狼也会瞄准牲畜。自从人类消灭了麋鹿的主要食肉动物后,麋鹿的数量急剧增加。过度放牧导致其它生物栖息地遭到破坏,并改变了非生物因素,如河岸稳定性和养分循环。当灰狼被重新引入大黄石生态系统时,生态系统基本恢复。

重点物种保持平衡,经常维护一个社区的存在。然而,也存在其它生态作用,也影响群落结构。例如,基础物种(例如海带)是支持生态系统的生境形成生物,而优势种群(例如贻贝)是群落中最丰富的生物。生态学家对生态系统中各种有机体作用的了解有助于更有效的保护和恢复工作。

Transcript

在建筑方面,

基石是拱门的中心石

基石

它的作用是在结构中

保持其他石头的位置

如果基石被移除,建筑物将倒塌

基石物种通常是通过捕食

以影响现有物种的数目和种类

从而在生态群落的结构中

起着关键作用

基石物种对群落结构

有着与其数量不相称的

基石物种

巨大影响

如果移除了基石物种

现有的群落结构将崩溃

导致群落物种的组成

发生根本性变化

海獭是保护太平洋海岸

海藻林生态系统的

一个基石物种

这些海獭消耗大量海胆

而海胆主要以海藻为食

没有了海獭的捕食,

海胆数量就会急剧增加,

从而使海藻林遭到破坏

需要海藻林生存的物种

如鱼、蟹和蛤就会消失

留下一片海胆沙漠

群落的生物多样性

生物多样性

是对物种丰富度、现存物种数量、

其均匀度及其相对丰度的一个测量指标

海獭通过控制海胆数量

来促进生物多样性

海藻林中没有其他动物

能扮演海獭的角色

因此,被海獭捕食的多样的物种

如螃蟹、海星和蛤蜊

依靠海獭捕食海胆

来维持自身的栖息地和生存

Explore More Videos

基石物种 建筑 拱 结构体 生态群落 捕食 丰度 群落结构 物种组成 海獭 海带森林生态系统 海胆 破坏 生物多样性 丰富度 物种数量 均匀度 相对丰度 猎物物种 栖息地保护

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