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JoVE Core
Biology
不分离
不分离
JoVE Core
Biology
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JoVE Core Biology
Nondisjunction

11.5: 不分离

81,720 Views
01:29 min
August 1, 2019
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

在减数分裂过程中,染色体偶尔会分离不当。这是由于在减数分裂I期间同源染色体分离失败,或在减数分裂II期间失败的姐妹染色单体分离而发生的。在一些物种中,特别是植物,不分离可以导致具有整个额外染色体组的生物体,其被称为多倍体。在人类中,不分离可以在雄性或雌性配子发生期间发生,并且所得配子具有一个太多或一个太少的染色体。

当异常配子与正常配子融合时,产生的合子染色体数目异常,称为非整倍体。一个染色体太少的个体有单体(45; 2n-1),而三体是一个染色体太多的个体,共有47条染色体47 (2n+1)。唐氏综合征是一个很好的研究三体,其中个人有三个副本的染色体21。非整倍体合子约占妊娠期自然流产的70%。

不分离在性染色体中比常染色体更常见。个体可以有多种性染色体组合,包括一条或多条附加性染色体 (例如,XXY, XXX, XYY)或仅存在一条性染色体 (表示为X0)。这些个体往往有正常的寿命,尽管有时会有重大的生理和生殖后果。当同源染色体不能重组时,不分离似乎更为常见。有趣的是,与常染色体相比,X和Y染色体通常进行较少的重组,这也许可以解释性染色体中不分离的频率。突触复合蛋白的突变,附着同源染色体,减少交叉,但明显增加不分离。这说明染色体重组是正常减数分裂的重要步骤。

卵子发生过程中的不分离比精子发生过程中更为频繁。合子后不分离是早期合子中有丝分裂染色单体分离的失败,引起与减数分裂不分离相似的结果,约占唐氏综合征病例的2%。有丝分裂不分离也是许多人类癌症的特征。

Transcript

- 虽然人类精子减数分裂是有规律的

但像不分离之类的错误则会产生非整倍体细胞

染色体缺失或多余

许多非分离事件发生在减数分裂i期

尽管其机制尚不清楚

但这可能是那些影响

同源染色体最初连接方式的突变造成的

比如那些破坏突触复合体的突变

纺锤体的缺陷

也是一个促成因素

在减一后期 同源集通常会分开

或分离

并被拉向相反的两极

然而 很少有同源染色体不能分离

并都被拉到一端

当减数分裂结束时 这种类型的不分离

可能产生两个拥有额外染色体的细胞

和两个缺乏这种结构的细胞

同样 在减数分裂二期时

姐妹染色单体可能在减二后期仍然附着

这也可能是纺锤体所致

或凝聚力缺陷所致

比如着丝粒如何附着染色单体

当分裂完成后 减数分裂二期中的这种错误

可以产生两个正常的单倍体细胞

然而 一个带有多余染色体的细胞

和一个染色体丢失的细胞也会随之生成

当前者......

Explore More Videos

非分离 减数分裂 非整倍体 同源染色体 突触复合体 纺锤体 后期 I 后期 II 姐妹染色单体 内聚缺陷 着丝粒 单倍体细胞 多倍体

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