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Home
JoVE Core
Biology
果实的发育、结构和功能
果实的发育、结构和功能
JoVE Core
Biology
A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content.  Sign in or start your free trial.
JoVE Core Biology
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

35.4: 果实的发育、结构和功能

25,362 Views
01:58 min
February 27, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

果实从成熟的花子房形成。随着种子从其中所含的胚珠中生长出来,子房壁会经历一系列复杂的变化以形成果实。在某些水果中,例如大豆,子房壁干燥。在其它水果,如葡萄中,它仍然是肉质的。在某些情况下,子房以外的器官有助于果实的形成;这种水果被称为附属水果。

可以根据花朵的数量和参与其形成的心皮的结构来对水果进行分类。 由单花和一个心皮或多个融合心皮发育而成的水果被归类为简单水果。 聚集的果实由单个花的多个独立心皮发育而来。 相反,当组成花序的许多花的多个心皮结合形成单个果实时,就会产生多个果实。

水果有助于保护和分散植物的种子。 许多水果依靠生物因素,例如吃水果的动物,来散布种子。 水果中未消化的种子可以分散在动物粪便中。 其它水果则依靠非生物因素,例如水和风,来分散种子。 一些水果甚至可以分散自身,例如成熟的豌豆荚爆炸并释放出种子。

水分散的种子通常有轻、浮力的水果。例如,椰子漂浮,有坚硬的外表,它们的种子在海上漂浮几个月后仍会发芽。另一方面,枫叶种子被风吹散。枫树有翅状的果实,像直升机一样旋转,促进了远程扩散。

含种子果实的发育依赖于施肥。 未受精的花朵通常不会发育成果实。 受精后,种子可以保持休眠数月,数年甚至数十年,直到条件变得有利于发芽为止。

Transcript

各种各样的动物都喜欢吃植物的果实

但果实其实负担着植物的重要功能

果实是花的成熟子房

果实保护种子并辅助种子传播

受精会触发激素变化

从而引起子房发育为果实的转变

如果没有受精 花朵通常

会枯萎 不会发育为果实

在种子植物中 产生雌性

生殖细胞的结构

叫做胚珠

胚珠通常发育成种子

同时子房壁发育成果皮

典型肉质果实的果皮

由三层果皮组成

外层叫做外果皮

可食用的中间部分是中果皮

最内层坚硬的种子覆盖层是内果皮

(肉质果实 干果实)

有些果实比如豌豆荚

在成熟时中果皮是干的

还有些果实比如桃

中果皮始终为肉质

果实可依据如何从心皮

即花的胚珠部分发育而来而分类

由单个心皮或单花子房的

融合心皮构成的 叫做单果

聚合果则相反 是从

单朵花的多个独立心皮发育而成

另一方面 复果

是由构成某种花序的多朵花的

心皮发育而成

(复果)

还有附果 比如梨 则是由

子房以外的其它器官

对果实的形成起着很大作用

总之 成熟的果实通过

保护种子不受环境应激源影响

并辅助种子扩散 让植物得以繁殖

Explore More Videos

果实发育 果实结构 果实功能 成熟子房 种子传播 受精 果皮层数 肉质果 干果 单果 聚合果 复果 辅果

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