来源:美国马里兰州约翰斯·霍普金斯大学 Smaa Koraym
在实验的第一部分,你将使用50% w/w的NaOH溶液配制500 mL约0.1 M的NaOH溶液。50% w/w NaOH表示其质量分数。例如,若教师配制了150 mL的50% w/w NaOH溶液,则意味着将150 g NaOH溶解于150 g水中,所得溶液的总质量为300 g。
| 50% w/w 储备溶液的密度 | 1.53 g/mL |
| 摩尔质量NaOH | 39.998 g/mol |
| 50% w/w 储备溶液中 NaOH 的质量(mg) | |
| 50% 质量分数储备液的总质量 | |
| 50% w/w 储备溶液的体积(mL) | |
| 50% 质量分数 NaOH 溶液中的 NaOH 物质的量(mol) | |
| 50% w/w 储备液的摩尔浓度(M)1) | |
| 所需50% w/w溶液的体积(V1) |
在配制好 0.1 M NaOH 后,需使用酸碱滴定法测定其准确浓度,即对其进行标定。该方法中,将 NaOH 等碱性溶液缓慢加入邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KHP)等酸性溶液中。反应瓶中发生的化学反应为中和反应,其中 1 摩尔碱与 1 摩尔酸发生中和,生成盐和水。该反应过程中加入酚酞作为指示剂,反应初始阶段溶液呈酸性,指示剂无色;当加入足够的 NaOH 使溶液 pH 变为碱性时,指示剂立即变为粉红色。
| 摩尔质量KHP = 204.23 g/mol | 烧瓶 A | B瓶 | C瓶 |
| KHP 质量(g) | |||
| 体积初始 NaOH(mL) | |||
| 体积最终 NaOH (mL) | |||
| 体积NaOH (mL) | |||
| KHP的摩尔数 | |||
| NaOH 的摩尔数 | |||
| NaOH 的摩尔浓度 | |||
| 平均摩尔浓度 | |||
| 标准差 |
在本实验中,我们将通过酸碱滴定法测定三元酸磷酸的三个pKa值中的两个。在此中和反应中,磷酸与氢氧化钠反应生成水和盐——磷酸钠。
| 体积1st 滴定终点 (mL) | |
| 体积1st 半等当点 (mL) | |
| 体积2nd 滴定终点 (mL) | |
| 体积2nd 半当量点 (毫升) | |
| 1st pKa测量 | |
| 1st pKa理论的 | 2.16 |
| 2nd pKa测量 | |
| 2nd pKa理论的 | 7.21 |
| NaOH 的摩尔数 | |
| H的摩尔数3PO4 | |
| H的摩尔浓度3PO4 |
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Q1: How do you prepare a 0.1 M NaOH solution from a 50% w/w stock solution?
Calculate the molarity of the 50% w/w NaOH stock solution using its density (1.53 g/mL) and molar mass (39.998 g/mol). Apply the dilution formula to determine the volume of stock solution needed to prepare 500 mL of ~0.1 M NaOH. Transfer the calculated volume to a labeled polyethylene bottle, add the appropriate volume of water, cap, and invert several times to mix thoroughly.
Q2: What is the purpose of standardization in acid-base titration?
Standardization determines the exact concentration of a prepared solution, such as NaOH, which may differ from the target concentration. Using a known acid like potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), you perform a neutralization reaction where one mole of base neutralizes one mole of acid. This allows you to calculate the actual molarity of NaOH based on the volume required to reach the endpoint indicated by phenolphthalein color change.
Q3: Why does the actual NaOH concentration differ from the prepared 0.1 M concentration?
NaOH is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air, making it difficult to weigh accurately. This property causes the actual concentration to be lower than the expected 0.1 molarity. Standardization using KHP corrects for this discrepancy by determining the true concentration through titration.
Q4: How does the half-equivalence point relate to pKa determination?
At the half-equivalence point, the concentrations of undissociated acid and its conjugate base are equal, making the pH equal to the pKa value. To find the first half-equivalence point, divide the volume of NaOH at the first equivalence point by two. Look up the pH at this volume from your titration data to obtain a precise pKa value for comparison with theoretical values.
Q5: What does it mean that phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid?
A triprotic acid can donate three protons per molecule when it dissociates in aqueous solution. Phosphoric acid has three pKa values, each corresponding to the dissociation of one proton. In this experiment, you measure two of the three Ka values by observing two sigmoidal curves and two equivalence points on the titration curve.
Q6: How do you identify equivalence points on a titration curve?
Equivalence points appear as the maximum peaks on the first derivative plot of the titration curve. Each peak corresponds to a dissociation constant (Ka) of the acid being titrated. For phosphoric acid, two equivalence points are visible, representing the first two pKa values. The experiment stops at pH 12, so only two of the three Ka values are measured.
Q7: What role does phenolphthalein play in standardizing NaOH with KHP?
Phenolphthalein is an acid-base indicator that is colorless in acidic conditions and turns pink in basic conditions. Added to the KHP solution before titration, it signals the endpoint when enough NaOH has been added to make the solution basic. The persistent pink color indicates that the neutralization reaction is complete, allowing you to record the volume of NaOH used to calculate its molarity.