来源:美国马里兰州约翰斯·霍普金斯大学 Smaa Koraym
在本实验中,您将混合不同浓度的盐酸(HCl)水溶液和硫代硫酸钠,生成固态硫,当硫达到一定浓度时,会迅速聚集形成不透明的黄色颗粒。由于反应溶液初始为无色透明,因此可以很容易地判断其何时达到该浓度。
每次实验均使用相同的试管和总体积,因此使各溶液完全不透明所需的硫量相同。因此,您可以通过记录溶液变不透明所需的时间来测量反应进程。然后,利用这些数据估算各反应物的反应级数以及总反应级数。
在开始实验前,制作一个表格,列出各次实验中反应物的浓度、溶液变不透明所需的时间以及溶液温度。
| 实验编号 | [Na2S2O3] (M) | [HCl] (M) | 时间 (s) | 温度 (°C) |
| 1 | 0.1 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 2 | 0.1 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 3 | 0.2 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 4 | 0.15 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 5 | 0.05 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 6 | 0.1 M | 6.0 M | ||
| 7 | 0.1 M | 4.5 M | ||
| 8 | 0.1 M | 1.5 M |
我们需确保所有反应均在室温下进行。您将进行两次基准实验,三次不同硫代硫酸钠浓度的实验,以及三次不同盐酸浓度的实验。您将通过稀释硫代硫酸钠和盐酸的储备液来调节浓度,具体稀释方法见下表。
| 目标浓度 | 0.2 M 硫代硫酸钠体积 | 去离子水体积 |
| 0.05 M | 5 mL | 15 mL |
| 0.10 M | 10 mL | 10 mL |
| 0.15 M | 15 mL | 5 mL |
| 0.20 M | 20 mL | 0 mL |
| 目标浓度 | 6.0 M HCl 体积 | 去离子水体积 |
| 1.5 M | 2.5 mL | 7.5 mL |
| 3.0 M | 5.0 mL | 5.0 mL |
| 4.5 M | 7.5 mL | 2.5 mL |
| 6.0 M | 10 mL | 0 mL |
操作盐酸时需格外小心,因其具有毒性和强腐蚀性。该反应的气态产物二氧化硫也具有毒性。您需将反应废液留在通风橱中过夜,使二氧化硫安全逸出。
| 实验编号 | 加入的[Na2S2O3] | Na2S2O3 体积 (mL) | 总体积 (mL) | 混合物中[Na2S2O3] | 时间 (s) | 时间倒数 (s-1) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | |||||
| 3 | 0.2 | |||||
| 4 | 0.15 | |||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
| 实验编号 | 加入的[HCl] | HCl 体积 (mL) | 总体积 (mL) | 混合物中[HCl] | 时间 (s) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | ||||
| 3 | 0.2 | ||||
| 4 | 0.15 | ||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
Q1: How do you prepare diluted solutions of sodium thiosulfate for the concentration dependence experiment?
Use a volumetric pipette to measure the required volume of 0.2 M sodium thiosulfate stock solution and dispense it into a volumetric flask. Fill the flask with deionized water to the mark, seal with plastic paraffin film, and invert several times to thoroughly mix. This dilution procedure ensures accurate target concentrations ranging from 0.05 M to 0.2 M for each trial.
Q2: Why is measuring the time to solution opacity used to track reaction progress?
The reaction produces solid sulfur that creates visible cloudiness in the initially clear, colorless solution. Since each trial uses the same test tube and total volume, it takes the same amount of sulfur to make the solution completely opaque. By timing when the X mark disappears, you measure how fast sulfur is produced, which directly reflects the reaction rate.
Q3: What does the relationship between sodium thiosulfate concentration and reaction time reveal about reaction order?
When sodium thiosulfate concentration doubles, the time to opacity is halved, indicating the reaction rate doubles proportionally. When concentration increases by a factor of four, the reaction rate also increases by a factor of four. This one-to-one relationship demonstrates that the reaction is first order with respect to sodium thiosulfate.
Q4: How does HCl concentration affect the rate of the sulfur precipitation reaction?
Reaction times remain nearly identical across trials with different HCl concentrations, from 1.5 M to 6.0 M. This lack of variation indicates that HCl concentration has no effect on the reaction rate, meaning the reaction is zeroth order with respect to HCl. The rate depends only on sodium thiosulfate concentration.
Q5: What precautions are necessary when handling the reactants and products in this experiment?
HCl is toxic and highly corrosive, requiring a lab coat, splash-proof safety glasses, and nitrile gloves. Sulfur dioxide, a gaseous product, is also toxic and must be allowed to escape harmlessly by leaving reaction waste in the fume hood overnight. Always work in a fume hood and neutralize waste with baking soda before disposal.
Q6: Why are benchmark trials performed before varying reactant concentrations?
Benchmark trials ensure that reactions occur at consistent room temperature and establish reproducible baseline measurements. Two benchmark trials must be within 3-5 seconds of each other to confirm experimental reliability. This consistency validates that subsequent variations in concentration, not temperature fluctuations, cause observed changes in reaction time.
Q7: How do you calculate the overall reaction order from individual reactant orders?
Add the reaction orders of all reactants to determine the overall reaction order. Since sodium thiosulfate is first order and HCl is zeroth order, the overall reaction order is one. This sum represents the total dependence of the reaction rate on all reactant concentrations combined.