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JoVE Lab Manual
Chemistry
萃取
萃取
Lab Manual
Chemistry
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Lab Manual Chemistry
Extraction

萃取

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348,573 Views
02:55 min
March 26, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

萃取

萃取是有机化学中用于分离目标化合物的常用技术。在萃取过程中,溶质从一个相转移到另一个相,以将其与未反应的起始材料或杂质分离。萃取还用于促进从难以蒸发去除的反应溶剂(例如高沸点溶剂)中分离溶质。哈里斯,哥伦比亚特区(2015 年)。定量化学分析。纽约州纽约市:W.H. Freeman and Company。

Transcript

萃取是一种从混合物中分离成分的技术。您已经熟悉提取。每次泡茶时,您都会从茶叶中提取水溶性化合物,如咖啡因和香料,进入热水中。这是固液萃取的一个例子。

液-液萃取是另一种类型的萃取,其中混合物溶解在两个不混溶的液相中。溶剂必须是不混溶的,这意味着它们不会混合并且是单独的相。液-液萃取在分液漏斗中进行,因此密度较大的溶剂将沉降到底部,而密度较低的溶剂将位于顶部。然后,每种溶质化合物将转移到它最易溶解的阶段。因此,选择具有不同极性的溶剂很重要。

一般来说,非极性溶质会分配到有机相中,而极性溶质会分配到水相中。分配系数 K 是有机相中溶质浓度与水相中溶质浓度的比值。溶质分离后,收集两个不同的相。请记住,在两个阶段中,每个组分都可能有残留。

酸碱萃取是一种特殊类型的液-液萃取,它根据溶解度差异分离酸性化合物和碱性化合物。回想一下,酸是溶解在水中时提供质子的化合物,而碱是接受质子的化合物。

为了分离酸性化合物,在混合物中加入碱。碱会接受来自酸性化合物的质子,使其成为离子的。相反,添加酸会将质子转移到碱性化合物中。在这两种情况下,离子化合物将转移到水相中,而中性化合物将分配到有机相中。离子化合物被收集,然后去质子化或再质子化以将其转化回其原始化合物。

在本实验中,您将分离纤维素、苯甲酸和咖啡因的混合物。首先,您将使用萃取和过滤来分离纤维素。然后,您将进行酸碱萃取以分离苯甲酸和咖啡因。

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