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Home
JoVE Core
Chemistry
理想溶液
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理想溶液
JoVE Core
Chemistry
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JoVE Core Chemistry
Ideal Solutions

12.9: 理想溶液

23,150 Views
02:24 min
September 24, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

根据 拉乌尔定律(Raoult's law) ,溶液中溶剂的部分蒸汽压等于或等于纯溶剂的蒸汽压乘以溶液中的摩尔分数。 但是, 拉乌尔定律(Raoult's law) 仅对理想溶液有效。 为了使溶液成为理想选择, 溶剂-溶质 相互作用必须与 溶剂-溶剂 或 溶质-溶质 相互作用一样强大。 这表明溶质和溶剂将使用与纯态相同数量的能量逸出到蒸汽相位。 只有当溶液的不同成分在化学上相似时,这种情况才可能发生,如苯和甲苯或六烷和七烷。

由于许多溶液没有统一的吸引力,这些溶液的蒸汽压偏离了 拉乌尔定律(Raoult's law) 预测的压力。 例如,当乙醇溶解在水中时,水分子和乙醇分子之间有很强的吸引力。 这些吸引力会减缓溶液表面的水分子流失。 但是,如果溶液足够稀释,表面将有更多的水分子。 其中一些地表水分子可能不会被任何乙醇分子包围,并且仍然可以以与纯水中相同的速率逸入蒸汽相。 据说这种稀释的溶液接近理想的行为。

对于非理想的溶液,与 拉乌尔定律(Raoult's law) 的偏差可以是负数或正数。 当蒸汽压由于 拉乌尔定律(Raoult's law) 而低于预期值时,就会发生负偏差。 水和盐酸的溶液出现负偏差,因为水和盐酸之间的氢键可防止地表水分子随时汽化。

或者,当每个成分 (溶质-溶质 或 溶剂-溶剂) 的分子之间的吸引力大于溶剂和溶质之间的吸引力时,就会出现正偏差。 在这种溶液中,两个组件都可以轻松进入蒸汽阶段。 正偏差的一个示例是苯和甲醇的溶液,因为苯和甲醇之间的分子间作用力比纯甲醇中的 弱。

Transcript

在溶液中,存在三种主要的分子间吸引力:溶剂分子之间的吸引力、溶质分子之间的吸引力 以及溶质 和溶剂分子之间的吸引力。如果三种类型相互作用的强度 大小相似,则该溶液 称为理想溶液。理想溶液在所有浓度下都服从拉乌尔定律。对于有两种挥发性组分 例如甲苯和苯)的理想溶液,根据拉乌尔定律,每种组分 的蒸气分压 是纯组分的蒸气压 与其摩尔分数的乘积。在给定溶液中,甲苯的摩尔分数为 0.4,苯的摩尔分数为 0.6。由于纯甲苯和纯苯的蒸气压 分别为 22 和 75 托,因此该溶液中甲苯和苯的分压 分别为 8.8 和 45 托。总蒸汽压是 各成分分压之和,等于 54 托。对于这样的理想溶液,蒸气压与摩尔分数的关系曲线 是一条直线。当溶液中的分子间力不均匀时,溶液会偏离拉乌尔定律,被称为非理想的。如果溶液中的溶剂-溶质相互作用 弱于溶剂-溶剂相互作用,如苯和甲醇溶液,则与纯溶剂相比,溶质将允许更多的溶剂颗粒 逸出进入气态。因此,蒸汽压会比拉乌尔定律 预测的要大。这样的溶液显示出与拉乌尔定律有正偏差。相比之下,在有强溶质与溶剂相互作用的溶液中,溶质将阻止 溶剂蒸发,溶液的蒸气压将小于 拉乌尔定律的预测值。在丙酮和氯仿的水溶液中 可观察到这种情况,两者之间的强氢键导致与拉乌尔定律 有负偏差。

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理想解 分子间作用力 溶剂分子 溶质分子 拉乌尔定律 蒸气压 摩尔分数 甲苯 苯 分压 总蒸气压 非理想解 溶剂-溶质相互作用

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