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JoVE Core
Chemistry
电动势
Video Quiz
电动势
JoVE Core
Chemistry
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JoVE Core Chemistry
Electromotive Force

18.2: 电动势

30,819 Views
02:36 min
September 24, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

电是由流经溶液或导电介质的电子或离子产生的。 这种电子流或特定的电荷被定义为电流。 当电子通过电线移动时,它们会产生电流。 可以回顾 ,在氧化还原反应中,电子会丢失和获得。 在锌 与铜的自发氧化还原反应中,当锌浸入铜离子溶液中时,电子从一种物质转移到另一种物质。

Eq1

锌具有更大的失去电子的倾向,被氧化成锌离子,而铜离子则被还原为固体铜。 但是,这种反应不会产生电。

电流和电子的流动方式

电子转移直接从溶液中的还原剂转移到氧化剂。 即使半反应的组成部分在单独的容器中被物理隔离并通过外部导体 (如电线) 连接,反应物丢失和获取电子的趋势仍然存在。 但是,现在,电子被迫流过连接两个半反应的导线。 这种通过电线的电子流构成了电流,可以为电子设备 (如灯泡) 供电。 电流以安培为单位测量。 一安培等于每 秒一个库伦电荷的流量,等于每秒 6.24 × 10−18 个电子。

Eq2

由于电子的电荷为 1.602 × 10−19 C , 1 安培与每秒 6.242 × 1018 个电子的流量相关。

Eq3

用于电流,电势差和电动势的驱动力

电流的流动类似于流过瀑布的水。 引力势能的差异驱动着水,而电子的流动则由反应物之间的电气势能的差异驱动。 “电势差” (Potential Difference) ,“电动势 (EMF) ” (电势差) 或“电池电势” (电势差) 一词描述了电气势能的这一差异。 EMF 是两个反应物和电子传输趋势之间的驱动力的度量单位。

有些氧化还原反应是自发的,而另一些反应则不是自发的。 例如,铜线会被银㈠离子自发氧化,但浸入铅㈡离子的溶液时,未能产率任何反应。 这是由于 AA+ (AQ) 和 Pb2+ (AQ) 这两个物种对铜的氧化还原活动不同:银离子会自动氧化铜,但铅离子不会氧化。 电化学中氧化还原反应的这一差异可以使用 ‘电池电势’ (电压) 一词来量化,通常也称为 ‘Voltage ’ (电压)。

两个隔离反应物的电池电势由一个电压表测量,电压表以单元电压为单位。 一伏电压与每一个库伦的电荷一焦耳势能相关。

Eq4

高电池电势表示驱动力大且电子传输更容易。 最后,电动势或电池电势取决于反应物的性质,反应温度和反应中存在的离子的浓度。

本文改编自 OpenStax, 化学 2e, 第 17.3 节:电极和电池电势。

Transcript

当电子流过导线,或离子流过溶液时,就会产生电流。这种电子流动,或者更具体地说,电荷的流动,被定义为电流。但是,是什么导致了电子的流动呢?请考虑铜和锌之间的氧化还原反应。当将锌电极放入铜离子溶液时,电子从一种物质转移到另一种物质。锌更容易失去电子,被氧化为锌离子,而铜离子 被还原为固态铜。在这个反应中,电子从锌流向铜,但是这个反应不会产生电。现在,请考虑反应物锌和铜,它们在物理上是分开的,并通过 外部导体连接,例如导线。反应物获得或失去电子的趋势 仍然存在,从而驱动电子 流过连接两个半反应的 导线。这种电子流构成了电流,并且可以 给电器供电,例如电灯泡。电流的度量以安培为单位。1 安培等于每秒 1 库仑 电荷的流量,相当于 每秒 6.24 10¹⁸ 个电子。电流的流动 类似于流下瀑布的水。水由 重力势能的差驱动,而电子流则由 反应物之间的电势能差 驱动。电势能的这种差异 可以由术语 电势差、电动势或电池电势来描述。电池电势是两种反应物之间的驱动力 以及电子转移趋势的量度。用电压表测量两个孤立反应物的电池电势,它的读数为电池电压。一伏特对应于每一库仑电荷的势能 是一焦耳。高电池电势表明驱动力大,电子转移更容易。最后,电池电势,或电动势,取决于反应物的性质、反应温度 和反应中存在离子的浓度。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Electricity – The flow of electrons or ions through a conducting solution or medium.
  • Electric Current – The flow of electrical charge, typically via electrons moving through a wire.
  • Electron Transfer – The movement of electrons from one substance to another in a redox reaction.
  • Electromotive force (emf) – Describes the difference in electrical potential energy between reactants.
  • Cell Potential – A measure of the redox reactivity in electrochemistry, also commonly known as 'voltage'.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Electricity – Explain how it is generated by electron or ion flow (e.g., electricity).
  • Contrast Electric Current and Electron Transfer – Explain their roles in generating electricity (e.g., electric current).
  • Explore Emf and Cell Potential – Describe how they drive the flow of electrons (e.g., emf).
  • Explain the Mechanism of Electron Flow – Demonstrates how electrons flow through a wire to generate electricity.
  • Apply in Context – Illustrate how understanding electron flow and electrical potential difference can be used in everyday applications.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • [Question 1] What is electricity and how does it involve electron or ion flow?
  • [Question 2] How does the concept of emf and cell potential drive the flow of electrons?
  • [Question 3] How does understanding electron flow and electrical potential difference apply to everyday life?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understanding of electricity and its generation supports academic learning in physics and engineering.
  • Educators – Offers a clear framework for teaching the concepts of electric current, emf, and cell potential.
  • Researchers – Relevant for studies in electrical engineering, physics, and energy science.
  • Science Enthusiasts – Provides insights into the generation of electricity, stimulating curiosity in science.

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电动势 电子 离子 电 电流 氧化还原反应 锌 铜 氧化 还原 外导体 电线 电器 灯泡 安培 库仑 每秒电子数 电动势能

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