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Home
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
什么是有机化学?
什么是有机化学?
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
What is Organic Chemistry?

1.1: 什么是有机化学?

84,850 Views
02:17 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

有机化学是对称之为有机化合物的碳化合物的研究。 有机化合物或源自生物体,或由化学家合成。 这些化合物的一个显著特征是以碳作为主要元素,碳原子可与其他碳原子以及氢、氧、氮和硫等元素结合。 碳原子之间能够形成多达四个强共价键,从而形成大小、形状和复杂性各异的链和环。 然而,一些含碳化合物,例如碳酸盐、氰化物和简单氧化物(CO 和 CO2),通常不被归类为有机化合物。

最简单的有机化合物仅含有碳和氢两种元素,称为碳氢化合物。 碳氢化合物的分子中存在的碳-碳键类型可能有所不同,分为烷烃(仅含单键)、烯烃(含有一个或多个双键)或炔烃(含有一个或多个三键)。 尽管所有碳氢化合物仅由碳和氢两种原子组成,但由于碳原子链的长度、支链分布和环状结构各异,以及这些结构的不同组合,碳氢化合物的种类繁多。 熔点和沸点等特性通常会随着分子中碳原子和氢原子数量的变化而呈现规律性变化。

将官能团引入含碳、氢的分子中会产生一种称为官能化碳氢化合物的新化合物家族。 官能团是决定碳氢衍生物性质的特征原子或原子团。 例如,含有与碳氢部分键合的–OH官能团的化合物是醇。 按照惯例,醇的通式是R–OH,其中R是分子的碳氢部分。 含有相同官能团的一组化合物形成一个家族。

有机化合物是塑料、肥皂、香水、甜味剂、织物、药品和许多其他日常用品的关键成分。 因此,研究这些化合物的结构和反应,对于了解它们在现实生活中的功能至关重要。

Transcript

有机化学是研究主要由碳原子与氢、氧、氮或硫原子键合而成的化合物的学科。

有机化合物形成各种各样的分子——从 DNA 或植物细胞壁等生命的基本组成部分到燃料等释放能量的材料。它们通常很容易被分解。

碳原子构成了每种有机化合物的主链,由于碳在形成单键、双键或三键等四个键方面的多功能性,因此它们可以呈现出环状、支链和直链排列的不同结构。

有机化合物可以是碳氢化合物或功能化碳氢化合物。

碳氢化合物完全由碳原子和氢原子组成。烷烃是含有单键的碳氢化合物。烯烃包含一个或多个双键,而炔烃包含一个或多个三键。

具有一个或多个氢原子被特定原子组或官能团取代的碳氢化合物称为"功能化碳氢化合物"。官能化碳氢化合物的一般公式用字母"R"表示碳氢化合物部分,后跟特定的官能团。

官能团可以有多种类型,并具有特定的物理和化学性质。所有带有共同官能团的有机化合物都属于同一碳氢化合物家族,表现出相似的性质,并遵循相似的命名法。

例如,所有具有碳原子带有 –OH 官能团的有机化合物都称为醇。相反,所有带有羧基官能团的有机化合物都称为羧酸。

总的来说,了解天然和人造有机化合物的结构、键合和反应是了解它们在现实生活中的功能的关键。

Key Terms and Definitions

Organic Chemistry – The study of carbon-based compounds, including their structure, properties, and reactions Organic Compounds – Molecules primarily composed of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and other elements. Hydrocarbons – Compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen, classified as alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes Functional Groups – Groups of atoms added to hydrocarbons that define new families, like alcohols with the –OH group Carbon Bonds – Carbon forms four strong bonds, allowing rings and chains of various sizes, shapes, and complexities to form.

Learning Objectives

Define Organic Chemistry – Identify organic compounds based on carbon bonding (e.g., hydrocarbons) Classify Hydrocarbons – Distinguish between all existing types (e.g., alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes) Explore Functional Groups – Recognize the ones that define chemical families (e.g., alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones). Understand Molecular Diversity – Explain how carbon atom structure enables complexity in molecules. Connect to Real-World Use – Learn applications in plastics, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and more.

Questions that this video will help you answer

Questions that this Organic Chemistry video will help you answer: What is an organic compound in organic chemistry What type of bond is formed between carbon and hydrogen in hydrocarbons? Hydrocarbons contain only which two types of atoms?

This video is also useful for

This Organic Chemistry video is also useful for: Students – Understand the differences between types of organic compounds and their behavior in organic chemistry. Educators – Provides a clear framework for teaching hydrocarbons, bonding, and functional groups. Researchers – Reinforces the basics of organic structures, reactions, and classifications. Science Enthusiasts – Offers insights into how carbon-based molecules impact daily life and materials.

Explore More Videos

有机化学 碳化合物 有机化合物 生物体 合成物 碳 氢 氧 氮 硫 有机分子 碳原子 强键 链 环 碳氢化合物 烷烃 烯烃 烯烃 炔烃

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