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Home
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
烷烃的结构
烷烃的结构
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Structure of Alkanes

3.1: 烷烃的结构

31,105 Views
02:23 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

碳-碳键的形成是构建碳链的关键,进而奠定了有机化学的基础。 奥古斯特·凯库勒和阿奇博尔德·斯科特·库珀分别独立提出了碳链形成的概念。

碳氢化合物由碳和氢组成,是最简单的有机化合物。 根据碳原子之间的键级,碳氢化合物可以进一步分为烷烃、烯烃和炔烃。

烷烃是最简单的碳氢化合物,具有 sp3 杂化的碳原子。 这些 sp3 碳原子可以与其他碳原子的 sp3 轨道或氢原子的 1s 原子轨道形成σ键。 由于烷烃的碳原子之间仅通过单键相连,因此它们也被称为饱和烃。 烷烃的通式为 CnH2n+2,表示每"n"个碳原子,烷烃就有"2n+2"个氢原子。

烷烃的路易斯结构可以使用简化结构式来简化。 在该表示中,省略了碳-氢和碳-碳之间的键以简化结构。 借助线角公式可以进一步简化。 线段代表碳-碳键。 线段的端点和顶点代表碳原子。 氢原子不明确标出,假定存在以满足碳的化合价。

Transcript

含有碳原子和氢原子的化合物称为碳氢化合物。最简单的碳氢化合物甲烷具有一个四价碳原子与四个氢原子键合。

如果甲烷的一个氢原子被与三个氢原子键合的碳原子取代,就会形成下一个碳氢化合物,即乙烷。

甲烷和乙烷属于称为烷烃的碳氢化合物家族。由于烷烃仅包含单个共价键,因此它们是饱和烃。

在任何烷烃(例如乙烷)中,碳原子都是 sp3 杂化的,使它们成为四面体碳。这些单独占据的杂化轨道与相邻碳原子的 sp3 杂化轨道重叠,形成碳-碳 σ 键。

碳的其他杂化轨道与每个氢原子的 1s 轨道形成 σ 键。键合原子彼此成 109.5° 角。

检查三种简单烷烃的结构 — 甲烷、乙烷和丙烷。甲烷 CH4 有一个碳原子和四个氢原子;乙烷 C2H6 具有两个碳原子和六个氢原子;丙烷 C3H8 具有三个碳原子和八个氢原子。

请注意,每个后续公式都有一个碳和两个氢——即比前面的公式多一个 CH2 基团。

一般来说,每 n 个碳原子就会有 2个 n+2 个氢原子。因此,烷烃具有特征分子式:CnH2n+2。

浓缩结构式通过省略与氢键甚至碳-碳键的键来简化烷烃的路易斯结构。

碳氢化合物也可以使用线角或骨架结构来表示。这些线表示碳-碳键,每个顶点和端点都表示一个碳原子。氢虽然没有明确显示,但假设与碳键合,满足它们的化合价。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Alkanes - Simplest organic compounds, composed of carbons and hydrogens.
  • Structural formula of alkanes - Represents bonds between carbon and hydrogen in alkanes.
  • Cnh2n+2 general formula - It indicates that for every n carbon atom, alkanes have 2n+2 hydrogen atoms.
  • Condensed structural formula alkanes - Simplifies Lewis structure by omitting bonds between carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon.
  • Saturated Hydrocarbons - Another name for Alkanes, as they possess only single bonds.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Alkanes - Explain what they are (e.g., Alkanes are simplest organic compounds).
  • Contrast structural formula vs condensed structural formula - Explain key differences (e.g., Bonds omission).
  • Explore Hydrocarbons - Describe the different types (e.g., Alkanes).
  • Explain Saturated Hydrocarbons - Describe why alkanes are considered saturated.
  • Apply Alkanes structural formula - Breakdown of its formula (e.g., c for carbon and n for number of carbon atoms).

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What are alkanes and their general formula?
  • What does Structural formula of alkanes represent?
  • What are Saturated Hydrocarbons and why are alkanes considered saturated?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understand how the concept of Alkanes supports student understanding in organic chemistry.
  • Educators – Provides a clear framework to help in teaching the topic of Alkanes, their structures, and properties.
  • Researchers – Relevance for scientific study or methodology around organic compounds and hydrocarbons.
  • Chemistry Enthusiasts – Offers insights into organic compound structures, broadening interest and curiosity.

Explore More Videos

碳-碳键 有机化学 碳链形成 碳氢化合物 烷烃 烯烃 烯烃 炔烃 Sp3杂化碳原子 σ键 饱和烃 通式 凝聚结构式 线角式 碳化合价

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