-1::1
Simple Hit Counter
Skip to content

Products

Solutions

×
×
Sign In

CN

EN - EnglishCN - 简体中文DE - DeutschES - EspañolKR - 한국어IT - ItalianoFR - FrançaisPT - Português do BrasilPL - PolskiHE - עִבְרִיתRU - РусскийJA - 日本語TR - TürkçeAR - العربية
Sign In Start Free Trial

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal

Peer reviewed scientific video journal

Behavior
Biochemistry
Bioengineering
Biology
Cancer Research
Chemistry
Developmental Biology
View All
JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Video encyclopedia of advanced research methods

Biological Techniques
Biology
Cancer Research
Immunology
Neuroscience
Microbiology
JoVE Visualize

Visualizing science through experiment videos

EDUCATION

JoVE Core

Video textbooks for undergraduate courses

Analytical Chemistry
Anatomy and Physiology
Biology
Cell Biology
Chemistry
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
View All
JoVE Science Education

Visual demonstrations of key scientific experiments

Advanced Biology
Basic Biology
Chemistry
View All
JoVE Lab Manual

Videos of experiments for undergraduate lab courses

Biology
Chemistry

BUSINESS

JoVE Business

Video textbooks for business education

Accounting
Finance
Macroeconomics
Marketing
Microeconomics

OTHERS

JoVE Quiz

Interactive video based quizzes for formative assessments

Authors

Teaching Faculty

Librarians

K12 Schools

Products

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal

Peer reviewed scientific video journal

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Video encyclopedia of advanced research methods

JoVE Visualize

Visualizing science through experiment videos

EDUCATION

JoVE Core

Video textbooks for undergraduates

JoVE Science Education

Visual demonstrations of key scientific experiments

JoVE Lab Manual

Videos of experiments for undergraduate lab courses

BUSINESS

JoVE Business

Video textbooks for business education

OTHERS

JoVE Quiz

Interactive video based quizzes for formative assessments

Solutions

Authors
Teaching Faculty
Librarians
K12 Schools

Language

zh_CN

EN

English

CN

简体中文

DE

Deutsch

ES

Español

KR

한국어

IT

Italiano

FR

Français

PT

Português do Brasil

PL

Polski

HE

עִבְרִית

RU

Русский

JA

日本語

TR

Türkçe

AR

العربية

    Menu

    JoVE Journal

    Behavior

    Biochemistry

    Bioengineering

    Biology

    Cancer Research

    Chemistry

    Developmental Biology

    Engineering

    Environment

    Genetics

    Immunology and Infection

    Medicine

    Neuroscience

    Menu

    JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

    Biological Techniques

    Biology

    Cancer Research

    Immunology

    Neuroscience

    Microbiology

    Menu

    JoVE Core

    Analytical Chemistry

    Anatomy and Physiology

    Biology

    Cell Biology

    Chemistry

    Civil Engineering

    Electrical Engineering

    Introduction to Psychology

    Mechanical Engineering

    Medical-Surgical Nursing

    View All

    Menu

    JoVE Science Education

    Advanced Biology

    Basic Biology

    Chemistry

    Clinical Skills

    Engineering

    Environmental Sciences

    Physics

    Psychology

    View All

    Menu

    JoVE Lab Manual

    Biology

    Chemistry

    Menu

    JoVE Business

    Accounting

    Finance

    Macroeconomics

    Marketing

    Microeconomics

Start Free Trial
Loading...
Home
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
烷烃的结构异构体
烷烃的结构异构体
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content.  Sign in or start your free trial.
JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

3.2: 烷烃的结构异构体

21,139 Views
02:18 min
April 30, 2023
AI Banner

Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

具有相同分子式的有机化合物的结构式可以不同,称为结构异构体,这种现象称为结构异构现象。具有四个或更多碳原子的烷烃可以形成多种结构,从而表现出结构异构现象。

烷烃的直链异构体以"n"为前缀; 因此,戊烷的线性异构体被称为正戊烷。 根据支化类型,一些支化异构体被赋予前缀"异"("iso")和"新"("neo")。 例如, 戊烷有两个支链异构体:异戊烷和新戊烷。 异戊烷具有四碳直链并带有一个甲基取代基,而新戊烷具有三碳直链并带有两个甲基取代基。

随着同系物中碳原子数量的增加,支化的可能性也随之增加,导致结构异构体数量呈指数增长。 例如,六碳烷烃己烷有5种异构体,而十碳烷烃癸烷的异构体数量多达75种。

尽管异构体的分子式相同,但它们的的物理性质(例如熔点和沸点)表现出显著差异。

Transcript

烷烃含有两种类型的单键:碳-碳和碳-氢。

甲烷、乙烷和丙烷等简单烷烃只有一种原子排列方式,这意味着它们具有单一的结构式。

然而,对于相同的分子式,具有四个或更多碳的烷烃可以以多种方式排列它们的原子;它们可以显示结构异构或结构异构。

例如,四碳烷烃丁烷具有两种结构异构体。直链形式有四个线性排列的碳原子。

相比之下,支链形式具有三碳链,第四个碳作为侧链或分支连接到链中的第二个碳。

丁烷的每个异构体都有 10 个氢原子与 4 个碳原子键合。因此,丁烷具有两个具有相同分子式的结构异构体。

此外,异构体的物理性质各不相同:支链丁烷的沸点为 -11.6 °C,而直链丁烷的沸点为 -0.5 °C。

与只有一种支链异构体的丁烷相比,高级烷烃可以在任何合适的碳上支化。因此,高级烷烃可以具有许多不同的支链异构体,但只有一个直链异构体。

例如,戊烷 C5H12 具有一个直链异构体和两个支链异构体。直链异构体,也称为正戊烷,具有所有五个碳原子在一个无支链中。

其中一种支链异构体具有四碳链,第五个碳在第二个位置从碳支化。这种异构体被称为异戊烷,因为链末端有 −CH(CH3)2 基团。

另一个支链异构体具有三碳链,第四个和第五个碳从中心碳支化。由于末端 −C(CH3)3 基团,这种异构体被称为新戊烷。

Explore More Videos

结构异构体 有机化合物 分子式 结构式 烷烃 线性异构体 支链异构体 正戊烷 异戊烷 新戊烷 支化 碳原子 同系物 指数上升 己烷 癸烷 物理性质 熔点 沸点

Related Videos

烷烃的结构

02:23

烷烃的结构

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

31.4K 浏览

烷烃的结构异构体

02:18

烷烃的结构异构体

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

21.1K 浏览

烷烃的命名法

02:22

烷烃的命名法

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

24.9K 浏览

烷烃的物理性质

02:32

烷烃的物理性质

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

13.3K 浏览

纽曼投影

02:06

纽曼投影

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

19.5K 浏览

乙烷和丙烷的构象

02:18

乙烷和丙烷的构象

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

16.1K 浏览

丁烷的构象

02:20

丁烷的构象

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

16.4K 浏览

环烷烃

02:28

环烷烃

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

14.7K 浏览

环烷烃的构象

02:29

环烷烃的构象

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

13.5K 浏览

环己烷的构象

02:11

环己烷的构象

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

14.4K 浏览

环己烷的 Chair 构象

02:02

环己烷的 Chair 构象

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

17.0K 浏览

取代环己烷的稳定性

02:30

取代环己烷的稳定性

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

14.1K 浏览

二取代环己烷:<em>顺反</em>异构

02:37

二取代环己烷:<em>顺反</em>异构

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

13.5K 浏览

燃烧能:烷烃和环烷烃稳定性的量度

02:14

燃烧能:烷烃和环烷烃稳定性的量度

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

7.4K 浏览

JoVE logo
Contact Us Recommend to Library
Research
  • JoVE Journal
  • JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments
  • JoVE Visualize
Business
  • JoVE Business
Education
  • JoVE Core
  • JoVE Science Education
  • JoVE Lab Manual
  • JoVE Quizzes
Solutions
  • Authors
  • Teaching Faculty
  • Librarians
  • K12 Schools
About JoVE
  • Overview
  • Leadership
Others
  • JoVE Newsletters
  • JoVE Help Center
  • Blogs
  • Site Maps
Contact Us Recommend to Library
JoVE logo

Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. All rights reserved

Privacy Terms of Use Policies
WeChat QR code