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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
烷烃的命名法
烷烃的命名法
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature of Alkanes

3.3: 烷烃的命名法

24,867 Views
02:22 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

19世纪末,新发现的化合物数量激增,因此需要建立一套命名系统来规范这些新化合物的命名。 1919年成立的国际纯粹与应用化学联盟(IUPAC)为此制定了统一的命名规则。

烷烃命名法综合考虑碳链的长度、数量和取代基的位置来得出其系统名称。 IUPAC命名法采用分步命名,具有国际通用性。 第一步是确定并命名最长的连续碳链,。 例如,例如,含5个碳的主链命名为戊烷。

第二步是识别并命名取代基。 将取代基的名称(称为前缀)置于母体名称之前。 例如,具有甲基取代基的戊烷链被命名为甲基戊烷。 第三步是通过对最长碳链进行编号来确定取代基的位置。 对主链碳原子编号,使取代基位次最小。例如,甲基位于第2位时命名为2-甲基戊烷(而非4-甲基戊烷)。 当存在多个相同或不同取代基时,需遵循IUPAC的附加规则进行命名。

Transcript

无支链烷烃的 IUPAC 名称包括一个表示碳链长度的茎和用于将化合物标识为烷烃的后缀"ane"。

例如,带有词干 "pent" 和后缀 "ane" 的五碳烷烃获得了名称 — 戊烷。

由烷烃形成的取代基称为烷基。例如,从戊烷中去除一个末端氢原子得到戊基。

支链烷烃的 IUPAC 名称分为三部分:母体、取代基和位置。父级包括词干和后缀,locant 指示取代基在父级上的位置。

母体被确定为最长的连续碳原子链。如果两条或多条链具有相同数量的碳原子,则具有更多分支点的链将成为母链。

通过对父链的碳原子进行编号来分配 locant。

对于单个替换,编号从将较低值分配给分支点的链的末端开始。因此,正确的名称是 3-甲基庚烷。

连字符分隔数字和替代词。

如果一个分子具有多个相同的取代基,则分配数字以使第一个分支点获得较低的值。名称中的 locant 使用逗号分隔。此外,像 di- 这样的乘数前缀在取代基的名称之前,表示两个相同的取代基。

不相同的取代基按字母顺序列出,无论它们在母链上的位置如何。

支链烷烃中的所有碳原子都可以根据直接连接到它们的碳原子的数量进行分类。

伯碳连接到另一个碳上。一个次级碳连接到两个相邻的碳。一个叔碳与其他三个碳相连,而一个季碳与四个碳键合。

氢也分为伯、仲和叔,具体取决于它们所连接的碳原子。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Alkane - Class of hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
  • IUPAC Nomenclature - Systematic method for naming organic compounds.
  • Prefix for Alkanes - Indicates the number of carbon atoms in the parent chain.
  • Substituent - Atom or group of atoms replacing hydrogen in a hydrocarbon.
  • Carbon Numbering - Process of assigning numbers to carbon atoms in the chain.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Alkane - Understand the fundamental structure and properties of alkanes (e.g., Alkane)
  • Contrast IUPAC Nomenclature and Common Names - Learn how to systematically name organic compounds (e.g., IUPAC Nomenclature)
  • Explore Examples of Prefixes - Identify what the starting part of the name indicates (e.g., Prefix for Alkanes)
  • Explain Substituents Naming - Grasp how to name atoms or groups that replace hydrogen in an alkane.
  • Apply Carbon Numbering - Demonstrate how to assign numbers to the carbon atoms in a long chain.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is the Alkane and how to identify its functional group?
  • What are the basic rules of IUPAC Nomenclature?
  • How are prefix, suffix, and substituent names used in naming an alkane?

This video is also useful for

  • Chemistry Students - Understand how proper nomenclature supports comprehension of organic chemistry.
  • Organic Chemistry Educators - Provides a clear framework for teaching alkane nomenclature.
  • Chemistry Researchers - Relevance for scientific study and methodology in organic chemistry.
  • Science Enthusiasts - Offer insights into one of the fundamental aspects of organic chemistry.

Explore More Videos

命名法 烷烃 化合物 系统命名法 IUPAC 碳链 取代基 母链 前缀 甲基 编号 相同取代基 非相同取代基

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