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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
乙烷和丙烷的构象
乙烷和丙烷的构象
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Conformations of Ethane and Propane

3.6: 乙烷和丙烷的构象

16,052 Views
02:18 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

在有机分子中,围绕碳-碳单键的自由旋转导致分子能量不同的构象异构体。 由于这种旋转(称为内旋转),乙烷具有两种主要构象——交错构象和重叠构象。

交错构象是一种低能量且更稳定的构象,前碳上的 C-H 键相对于后碳上的 C-H 键呈 60° 二面角,从而减少扭转应变。 在交错乙烷中,一个C-H键的成键分子轨道与另一个C-H键的反键分子轨道相互作用,从而进一步稳定该构象。 当较远的碳旋转,同时保持较靠近观察者的碳静止时,会产生无限数量的构象异构体。 在 0° 二面角时,C-H 基团相互覆盖,形成重叠构象。 该构象的扭转应变比交错构象高约 12 kJ/mol,因此稳定性较差。 乙烷分子会在多个交错构象之间快速转换,并在穿过高能量的重叠态时发生相互转换。分子碰撞提供了穿过该扭转势垒所需的能量。

与乙烷类似,丙烷也有两种主要构象异构体:稳定的交错构象异构体(低能量)和不稳定的重叠构象异构体(较高能量)。

Transcript

当沿着碳-碳键向下观察时,乙烷分子显示 CH 基团以 60° 二面角间隔。这是乙烷的交错构象。

乙烷的交错形式具有最低的能量。这是因为 CH 键彼此相距最远,最大限度地减少了键中电子之间的空间排斥,从而稳定了分子。

稳定交错构象的另一个因素是占据的键合分子轨道和未占据的反键分子轨道之间的有利相互作用。

通过保持较近的碳静止来旋转较远的碳会产生无限数量的构象。

在 0° 二面角时,两个碳原子上的 CH 键很接近并相互覆盖。这是乙烷的黯然失色的构象。

由于空间排斥力增加且缺乏稳定相互作用,日蚀乙烷的能量增加了 12 kJ/mol,并且每个蚀化的 H-H 相互作用被分配为 4 kJ/mol。

日食和交错构象之间的能量差异称为扭转应变或扭转势垒。

沿碳-碳键将分子从 0º 旋转到 360º 会产生几种简并交错和日食状态。

在

室温下,乙烷气体样品中大约 99% 的分子处于最低能量交错构象中。

从分子碰撞中获得的能量通过克服扭转势垒来进行内旋。因此,分子在通过高能日食状态后进入不同的交错形式。

下一个碳氢化合物——丙烷——也有两个主要的构象异象:eclipseed 和 staggered。

日蚀构象异构体的扭转应变为 14 kJ/mol。每对黯然失调的氢贡献 4 kJ/mol,而黯然失调的 CH3-H 相互作用贡献 6 kJ/mol。

Explore More Videos

构象 乙烷 丙烷 有机分子 碳-碳单键 旋转 内旋 交错构象 日蚀构象 扭转应变 键合分子轨道 反键分子轨道 二面角 扭转势垒

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