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Home
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
环烷烃的构象
环烷烃的构象
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Conformations of Cycloalkanes

3.9: 环烷烃的构象

13,380 Views
02:29 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

阿道夫·冯·拜尔 (Adolf von Baeyer) 尝试通过角应变的概念来解释小环烷烃环和大环烷烃环的不稳定性,即因键角偏离 sp3 杂化碳的理想四面体值 109.5° 而引起的应变。 然而,虽然环丙烷和环丁烷的高压缩键角确实导致了应变,但环戊烷的应变比预期更大,而环己烷几乎没有应变。因此,拜尔基于所有环烷烃都是平面的假设的理论是错误的,实际上,大多数环烷烃都采用非平面结构。

环丙烷是三碳环烷烃,由于其平面结构被高度压缩,因此具有最高的角应变,与理想值偏离49.5°。 此外,由于六个 C-H 键之间的重叠相互作用,环丙烷还具有扭转应变。 因此,环丙烷的总环应变为 116 kJ/mol。

与平面的环丙烷不同,环丁烷具有更稳定的折叠非平面构象。 与假设的平面环丁烷相比,折叠导致角应变略有升高,但大大减轻了由十个重叠氢引起的扭转应变。 环丁烷的总应变为 110 kJ/mol。环戊烷还采用称为包络构象的非平面构象。 与假设的环戊烷平面形式相比,包络构象的键角略有减小,这略微增加了角应变。 然而,它显着减轻了十个重叠 C-H 键的扭转应变。 因此,环戊烷中的总应变为 27 kJ/mol。

Transcript

环烷烃的相对稳定性随其环大小而变化。这些变化是由角应变和扭转应变的综合作用引起的,统称为环状化合物的环应变。

当 CCC 键角偏离 109.5° 的常规四面体键角时,角应变就会被引入环烷烃中,正如烷烃的所有 sp3 杂化碳所预测的那样。

另一方面,扭转应变存在于蚀形键之间,是排斥色散力的结果。

在环丙烷中,60° 的内角明显小于理想角度,在分子中引入严重的角度应变,迫使 sp3 轨道以一定角度重叠,从而产生较弱的"弯曲"碳-碳键。

环丙烷由于其平面性质,也因六对完全日蚀的 C-H 键而承受相当大的扭转应变。

从本质上讲,环丙烷是一种高度应变的分子,应变能高达 116 kJ/mol。因此,环丙烷具有很高的反应性。

与环丙烷不同,环丁烷是非平面的,采用折叠构象。折叠的环丁烷比其假设的平面形式更稳定。

虽然环的折叠略微增加了角度应变,但通过将键角从 90° 降低到 88°,它大大降低了与八个蚀刻的 C-H 键相关的扭转应变,从而产生 110 kJ/mol 的净应变能。

与环丁烷一样,环戊烷也是非平面的,并呈现包络构象,一个或两个原子从平面中弯曲出来。

尽管假设的平面环戊烷具有 108° 键角——非常接近理想值,但包络构象极大地减轻了十个黯然失色键的扭转应变,而角度应变仅略微增加。

因此,环戊烷中的总环应变低至 27 kJ/mol。

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