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Cell Biology
蛋白质分选和运输概述
蛋白质分选和运输概述
JoVE Core
Cell Biology
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JoVE Core Cell Biology
Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

16.1: 蛋白质分选和运输概述

18,930 Views
01:45 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

真核细胞具有不同的膜结合细胞器,具有不同的蛋白质需求。将蛋白质靶向特定细胞器的过程称为蛋白质分选。

蛋白质分选可以有两种类型:基于信号的分选和基于囊泡的运输。在基于信号的分选中,称为分选信号的特定氨基酸序列通过门控运输或蛋白质易位将蛋白质靶向细胞内的适当位置。在门控运输中,具有暴露核定位信号的折叠蛋白质被可溶性胞质受体识别。胞质受体结合货物并通过嵌入核膜中的核孔复合物将其转运到细胞核中。

相比之下,蛋白质的前体易位或从胞质溶胶转移到不同的细胞器,例如线粒体、叶绿体、内质网 (ER) 和过氧化物酶体。在蛋白质易位过程中,胞质伴侣结合并展开靶蛋白,引导它们到达细胞器表面。细胞器膜上的特异性受体识别未折叠蛋白质前体上的信号序列并结合它们。展开的肽链穿过称为转位子的专用转运蛋白,穿过脂质双层膜并到达细胞器的腔。

通过囊泡运输进行蛋白质分选涉及蛋白质在称为运输囊泡的膜结合结构中的移动。ER 腔中的可溶性蛋白质堆积在运输囊泡上,并从 ER 膜上发芽。细胞器膜上显示的分子标志物指导运输囊泡的正确递送和融合。

Transcript

蛋白质分选发生在翻译过程中或蛋白质合成后,通过两个不同的过程进行:基于信号的分选和基于囊泡的运输。基于信号的分选采用两种运输方式:门控运输和蛋白质易位。

核蛋白通过嵌入核膜中的核孔复合物从胞质溶胶主动转运到细胞核。这个过程称为门控运输。

这些蛋白质包含称为分选信号的特定氨基酸序列,这些序列被将蛋白质转运到细胞核的分选受体识别。

靶向叶绿体、线粒体和内质网的蛋白质通过转位细胞(专门的跨膜蛋白)导入,这个过程称为蛋白质转位。

在易位过程中,胞质溶胶中的伴侣蛋白与靶蛋白结合并将其递送到膜,在那里分选信号被转位菌的输入受体识别。使用 ATP 水解,靶蛋白被展开并通过转位子中的通道运输,以到达细胞器内的目的地。

在囊泡运输中,可溶性蛋白从内质网腔堆积并加载到膜结合的运输囊泡上。

运输囊泡从内质网膜上萌芽并与高尔基体膜或细胞膜融合,而无需穿过脂质双层将蛋白质输送到其目标位置。

Explore More Videos

蛋白质分选 蛋白质转运 细胞器 基于信号的分选 基于囊泡的运输 门控运输 蛋白质易位 核定位信号 核孔复合体 胞质溶胶 线粒体 叶绿体 内质网 (ER) 过氧化物酶体 胞质溶质伴侣 未折叠的蛋白质前体 转位菌 脂质双层膜 囊泡运输

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