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JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
DNA分离
DNA分离
JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
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JoVE Core Molecular Biology
DNA Isolation

15.2: DNA分离

44,741 Views
01:24 min
April 7, 2021
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

DNA 分离方案可以快速、简单,也可以复杂、耗时,具体取决于进一步处理所需的 DNA 类型和质量。 例如,质粒 DNA 提取比基因组 DNA 提取稍微复杂一些,因为在分离过程中需要适当的裂解方法将质粒 DNA 与 gDNA 分离。 然而,对于特定应用,例如需要大量高质量 DNA 样本的长程 DNA 测序,我们需要遵循特定的协议,即使是基因组 DNA 提取也是如此。

基因组DNA提取方法的类型

基因组 DNA 提取方法的主要目的是将 gDNA 与蛋白、RNA 和其他细胞内容物分离。 它涉及四个基本步骤 - 1. 机械破坏细胞结构或使用化学物质获得细胞裂解物 2. 保护 DNA 在处理过程中免遭降解 3. 从细胞碎片中分离可溶性 DNA 4. 洗脱纯化的 DNA。

大多数基因组 DNA 分离方案都是基于溶液的方法或固相提取方法。 基于溶液的方法依靠沉淀和离心步骤将 DNA 与其他细胞材料分离,然后通过有机提取或“盐析”将可溶性 DNA 与细胞蛋白分离。 最终的 DNA 沉淀是使用乙醇完成的。 相比之下,固相提取方法使用固体支持物(例如二氧化硅或纤维素基质)来结合 DNA,然后进行洗涤并从固体支持物上洗脱 DNA。 它涉及离心、真空或磁性方法,将结合的 DNA 与其他细胞成分分离。

gDNA 提取方法的选择取决于样品类型、一次处理的样品数量以及 DNA 的下游应用。

Transcript

DNA

需要从细胞中分离出来,并在精确位置切割,用于许多应用,例如重组 DNA 技术。

尽管不同类型的细胞使用不同类型的 DNA 提取方法,但有三个标准步骤:细胞裂解、蛋白质去除和 DNA 回收。

在真核细胞内,DNA 堆积在细胞核内。因此,细胞膜和核膜都需要破裂以分离 DNA。

此步骤可以通过研磨或超声处理分解细胞来机械完成,也可以通过使用去污剂和酶溶解细胞膜的某些部分来化学完成。

一旦细胞内容物被释放,碎片就会通过离心与可溶性成分分离。回收的上清液含有核酸和水溶性蛋白质。

为了去除蛋白质,将蛋白酶 K、肽酶或溶菌酶等酶添加到上清液中以破坏肽键。

通过加入酒精和盐(如乙酸钠)沉淀从上清液中回收 DNA。

将分离的沉淀溶解在水或缓冲液中。

Explore More Videos

DNA 分离 DNA 提取 质粒 DNA 基因组 DNA 裂解法 长片段 DNA 测序 高质量 DNA 的产量 基因组 DNA 提取方法 细胞结构的破坏 DNA 的保护 可溶性 DNA 的分离 纯化的 DNA 的洗脱 基于溶液的方法 固相提取方法 沉淀和离心步骤 有机提取 盐析 乙醇沉淀

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