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JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
基因治疗
基因治疗
JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
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JoVE Core Molecular Biology
Gene Therapy

16.17: 基因治疗

4,365 Views
00:59 min
April 7, 2021
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

生殖性克隆是指对整个生物体产生一个基因相同的克隆的过程。克隆可以通过分裂早期胚胎产生,这与同卵双胞胎的自然情况类似;成年动物的克隆通常通过一种称为体细胞核移植(SCNT)的过程完成。

基因插入

基因可以通过两种主要方式导入患者细胞:体内通过注射到特定组织或血流中直接导入患者体内;体外导入从患者体内移除的细胞,在基因插入后再移植回患者体内。

该基因通常被插入载体中,通常是一种经过修饰而不致病的病毒,目的是将基因导入患者细胞并传递到细胞核。例如,在某些情况下,当使用逆转录病毒载体时,基因被随机插入人的基因组,从而导致插入基因的稳定表达。在其它情况下,例如使用腺病毒载体时,基因不会整合到宿主的基因组中,只能短暂表达。载体也被设计成包含一个启动子区域,这样新基因就可以转录成信使RNA (mRNA)。然后,利用细胞自身的机制,将mRNA转化为蛋白质。蛋白质产品,如腺苷脱氨酶,为该疾病提供治疗。

临床试验

基因治疗仍处于早期阶段,风险很大,部分原因是插入基因的整合和活性无法完全控制。例如,在另一种SCID的基因治疗的早期试验中,一些患者患上了癌症,试验中止。然而,这项技术正在不断改进,对于没有其它有效治疗方法的严重疾病,其好处可以大于风险。除了SCID,基因治疗成功的其他疾病还包括一种遗传性失明和抗治疗性B细胞白血病。

Transcript

基因疗法是将基因插入 到一个人的细胞以预防 或治疗严重的疾病。 插入的基因可能是突变基因的健康拷贝 或者它也可能是一种抵消有缺陷的基因效应的 一个不同基因。 基因可以在体内直接传递给人 或通过体外法,进入从体内移除的细胞 然后将其移植回来。

新基因是经由载体插入的 通常是修饰病毒,它可以进入细胞 并将DNA传递到细胞核。 一些载体将DNA整合到基因组中 而其他的则留在染色体外。 载体含有启动子区域以便基因 可以进行转录。 之后,导入的基因被翻译成蛋白质 为疾病提供治疗。

Explore More Videos

基因治疗 基因插入 预防疾病 治疗疾病 突变基因的健康拷贝 抵消缺陷基因的影响 体内基因递送 离体基因递送 载体 修饰病毒 DNA递送 整合到基因组中 启动子区 转录 蛋白质翻译 严重疾病

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