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Molecular Biology
转移
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转移
JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
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JoVE Core Molecular Biology
Metastasis

20.6: 转移

6,736 Views
02:30 min
April 7, 2021
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

转移是癌细胞从原始部位扩散到体内较远的位置。 癌细胞可以通过体内的血管(血行)和淋巴管扩散。

上皮到间质的转变

上皮-间质转化(EMT)是伤口愈合、胚胎发生和癌症转移中常见的发育过程。 EMT 由转化生长因子-β (TGF-β) 或受体酪氨酸激酶 (RTK) 配体诱导,进一步激活转录因子,例如锌指蛋白 - Snail、Slug、Twist 和 E47。 这些转录因子与编码粘附连接蛋白 E-钙粘蛋白的基因的启动子元件结合并下调它们。 它们还招募组蛋白脱乙酰酶 (HDAC) 来促进染色质浓缩和随后的 E-钙粘蛋白转录抑制。 E-钙粘蛋白表达减少会导致细胞间粘附减少、Rho GTP酶功能调节和细胞极性丧失,从而使细胞逃脱组织限制并进入血液循环。

一旦血液循环癌细胞到达新部位,相反的过程会将间质样循环细胞转化为可以粘附到新环境的肿瘤细胞,从而导致继发性肿瘤形成。 这个过程称为间充质到上皮的转变或 MET。

转移是偶然事件

侵入血管的癌细胞存活和转移的机会很小。 血液和淋巴液中的循环肿瘤细胞 (CTC) 通常被免疫细胞(自然杀伤细胞、单核细胞/巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞)中和。 尽管CTC的存活率较低,但有几个因素可以帮助癌细胞在循环过程中存活。 例如,血小板可以保护 CTC 免受自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞的结合。 血小板还将 MHC 或主要组织相容性复合物转移至 CTC,从而使癌细胞能够逃避免疫监视。 癌细胞还可以通过下调 NKG2D 免疫受体来抑制 NK 细胞活性。

鉴于肿瘤细胞群转移的复杂性和遗传异质性,这些因素共同导致癌症难以治愈。 创造专门针对转移阶段的治疗方法可能会降低癌症死亡的发生率。

Transcript

转移是一个多步骤的过程,其中肿瘤细胞克服了从原发部位扩散到体内形成继发性肿瘤的几个挑战。只有 100 万分之一的细胞能够实现转移。

正常细胞通过细胞间粘附和基底膜(组织之间存在的物理屏障)局限于其来源组织。癌细胞通过称为上皮到间充质转化或 EMT 的过程克服组织限制。

这种转变激活了两种转录因子 Snail 和 Twist,它们促进参与细胞迁移的基因的表达并下调细胞粘附因子,例如 E-钙粘蛋白。

然后,转化的细胞通过扩展侵袭性伪足(富含肌动蛋白的突起)穿透基底膜。侵袭性伪足分泌蛋白酶,使基底膜降解。

一旦它们从组织限制中解脱出来,转化的细胞就会通过修饰细胞外基质到达血管。

然后,肿瘤细胞会破坏血管的基底膜,并通过上皮细胞的紧密连接处挤压,通过称为内渗的过程进入血液循环。

由于缺乏细胞间粘附以及免疫监视,大多数循环肿瘤细胞或 CTC 在循环过程中死亡。一些 CTC 分泌凝血酶和癌症促凝剂等物质,以刺激它们周围的血小板涂层。这有助于 CTC 在循环过程中逃避剪切应力,也有助于逃避免疫监视。

此外,某些 CTC 表达存活素蛋白,可抑制细胞毒性自然杀伤细胞的作用。

最初,CTC 通过粘附分子弱地粘附在内皮细胞上,并沿着血管内膜滚动,直到它们与血管形成牢固的附着。然后,它们挤过血管的内皮内层,消化基底膜,并通过称为外渗的过程进入新的、遥远的组织。

一旦进入新部位,肿瘤细胞就会适应外来组织环境,形成微集落,并最终增殖形成肉眼可见的继发性肿瘤。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Metastasis – Spread of cancer cells from original site to other body parts.
  • Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) – Process aiding in cancer metastasis, wound healing, and embryogenesis.
  • Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) ligands - Induce EMT by activating transcription factors.
  • E-cadherin – Adherens junction protein downregulated in EMT leading to reduced cell-cell adhesion.
  • Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET) - Opposite of EMT, converting circulating cells back into tumor cells.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Metastasis – Describe the process of cancer spread (e.g., metastasis).
  • Contrast EMT vs MET – Explain the role of these processes in cancer metastasis (e.g., EMT and MET).
  • Explore RTK ligands – Describe their role and how they trigger EMT (e.g., RTK ligands).
  • Explain E-cadherin – Its downregulation in EMT and its effect on cell adhesion.
  • Apply in Context – Discuss relevance of MET and EMT transitions in creation of cancer treatment protocols.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is Metastasis and how does the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition assist it?
  • How does receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands induce the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition?
  • What role does E-cadherin play in the process of cancer metastasis?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Understand How the concept of metastasis supports student learning about cancer biology.
  • Educators – Provides a clear framework for teaching about cancer metastasis and associated concepts.
  • Researchers – Relevance of studying metastasis and EMT for developing cancer treatments.
  • Sciences Enthusiasts – Offer insights into cancer biology, providing broader interest and stimulating curiosity.

Explore More Videos

转移 癌症 上皮间质转化 EMT 转化生长因子-β TGF-β 受体酪氨酸激酶 RTK 蜗牛 蛞蝓 扭曲 E47 E-钙粘蛋白 HDAC Rho GTP 酶 间充质-上皮转化 MET 循环肿瘤细胞 CTC 自然杀伤细胞 NK 细胞 血小板 MHC NKG2D

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