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Home
JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
癌症预防
癌症预防
JoVE Core
Molecular Biology
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JoVE Core Molecular Biology
Cancer Prevention

20.14: 癌症预防

8,157 Views
02:59 min
April 7, 2021
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

有几个因素会增加个体患癌症的风险。 大约 50% 的癌症病例可以通过采取健康的生活方式、定期锻炼、健康饮食和遵循适度的癌症预防饮食来预防。 流行病学研究一致表明,富含蔬菜和水果饮食的人群可以降低癌症的发病率。 另一方面,饮食中富含动物脂肪、红肉、垃圾食品或高热量的人群容易患癌症。

一些天然存在的植物化学物质,如类黄酮、类胡萝卜素、维生素、萜烯、甾醇、吲哚和酚类已被证明具有抗癌特性。 类黄酮和异黄酮类化合物是次生植物代谢物,对于预防癌症特别重要。 黄酮类化合物存在于所有陆生维管束植物中,而异黄酮类化合物则存在于豆类植物中,例如大豆。 一般来说,类黄酮和异黄酮类化合物通过抑制细胞周期和异常细胞增殖、减少氧化应激和诱导解毒酶、刺激免疫系统和细胞凋亡来预防癌症发展。

定期的体育活动还有助于降低多种癌症的发病率,包括结肠癌和乳腺癌。 定期运动可以增加食物通过肠道的运动,从而减少肠壁暴露于诱变剂的时间。 同样,剧烈的体力活动可能会减少乳腺组织与循环雌激素的接触,从而降低患乳腺癌的风险。

此外,日常锻炼和均衡饮食有助于控制体重过度增加或肥胖,而肥胖会增加患乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、胆囊癌、胰腺癌、肾癌、腺癌和食道癌的风险。

Transcript

癌症是一种由控制细胞生长和增殖的关键基因改变引起的遗传疾病。然而,有许多因素会导致个体的这种遗传变化。

例如,具有致癌突变的父母可能会将这些突变遗传给他们的孩子,使他们易患癌症。

这种遗传性癌症病例可以在基因检测的帮助下预防。它可以帮助个人评估患癌症的风险并决定未来的筛查和预防行动方案。

诸如此类的遗传基因突变在大约 5% 到 10% 的癌症中起着重要作用。

然而,还有各种生活方式和环境因素会增加一个人患癌症的可能性。

例如,长时间接触烟草烟雾或大气污染物中存在的化学物质会增加患癌症的风险。

吸入后,烟雾中的多环芳烃或 PAH 与肺细胞中存在的代谢酶发生反应,产生可以直接与 DNA 相互作用并诱导基因突变的反应性代谢物。这种 DNA 损伤最终会导致肿瘤发生。

除了烟草烟雾外,其他与生活方式相关的因素,如加工肉类消费量增加、肥胖、缺乏运动或过度饮酒是导致癌症的常见原因。通过教育公众从小采用更健康的生活方式的好处,可以简单地减少此类病例的发生率。

除了与生活方式相关的风险外,个人还可能接触到其周围环境中存在的致癌因子。例如,长时间暴露在紫外线辐射下会导致皮肤癌,这可以通过减少暴露在阳光和其他紫外线辐射源(例如日光浴亭)下来预防。

同样,预防由其他工业或环境化学品(如石棉)引起的癌症的最佳方法是采取适当的措施,例如使用 PPE 工具包来防止或减少接触。

一些病毒,如乙型肝炎病毒和 EB 病毒,可以在导致人类癌症方面发挥重要作用。此类病毒可以削弱宿主免疫系统,直接破坏宿主细胞的 DNA,或将癌基因引入宿主细胞。

这种病毒相关癌症可以通过避免接触病毒或对病毒进行免疫接种来预防。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Cancer Prevention - The process of reducing cancer risk through habits, lifestyle, and diet.
  • Phytochemicals - Compounds in plants that have anti-cancer properties.
  • Flavonoids - Secondary plant metabolites, found universally, that assist in preventing cancer.
  • Isoflavonoids - Found in legumes, these inhibit cancer by affecting cell cycles and immunity.
  • Physical Activity - Regular exercise that reduces the incidence of certain types of cancer.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Cancer Prevention - Understand how lifestyle changes can reduce cancer risk (e.g., diet, exercise).
  • Contrast Phytochemicals vs Flavonoids - Explore their sources and roles in cancer prevention (e.g., different plant types).
  • Explore Isoflavonoids - Discuss their presence in legumes and anti-cancer functions (e.g., inhibiting cell proliferation).
  • Explain the Role of Physical Activity - Discuss how regular exercise contributes to cancer prevention
  • Apply in Dietary and Fitness Contexts - Understand how diet and exercise choices can help prevent cancer.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is the role of diet and exercise in cancer prevention?
  • How do phytochemicals, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids contribute to cancer prevention?
  • What is the link between physical activity, weight control, and reduced cancer risk?

This video is also useful for

  • Health Students - Understand how lifestyle choices contribute to cancer prevention.
  • Nutrition Educators - Provides a comprehensive look at dietary cancer prevention.
  • Medical Researchers - Shows the importance of dietary and exercise factors in cancer studies.
  • Fitness Enthusiasts - Gives insight into how a fit lifestyle can help prevent cancer.

Explore More Videos

癌症预防 健康生活方式 饮食 植物化学物质 类黄酮 类异黄酮 体力活动 肥胖

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