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Organic Chemistry
羧酸生成甲酯:使用重氮甲烷进行烷基化
羧酸生成甲酯:使用重氮甲烷进行烷基化
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

13.13: 羧酸生成甲酯:使用重氮甲烷进行烷基化

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01:33 min
May 22, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

羧酸与重氮甲烷在醚溶剂中通过羧酸根氧原子的烷基化反应,以优异的收率得到相应酸的甲酯。

Figure1

重氮甲烷是一种黄色气体,沸点为-23℃。 它可以通过碱与N-甲基-N-亚硝基脲或N-甲基-N-亚硝基甲苯磺酰胺的作用方便地制备。

酯化机理涉及重氮甲烷被羧酸质子化,产生羧酸盐和甲基重氮阳离子。 由于 N≡N (极好的离去基团)的存在,甲基重氮阳离子高度不稳定。

Figure2

在最后的烷基化步骤中,SN2 通过羧酸根阴离子攻击甲基重氮离子,产生甲酯,同时消除N2气。

Figure3

然而,重氮甲烷是一种潜在爆炸性气体,在处理和储存过程中需要采取预防措施。 它在接触粗糙或有划痕的表面时会发生自发爆炸。 因此,在涉及重氮甲烷的反应中,通常建议使用火焰抛光的玻璃器皿和防爆罩。 此外,重氮甲烷具有剧毒和致癌性。

重氮甲烷在热或光存在下分解生成卡宾并消除氮。

Figure4

Transcript

羧酸在用重氮甲烷处理后,发生烷基化生成甲酯。

重氮甲烷是由 N-甲基-N-亚硝基脲和碱等前体生成的黄色气体,是三种偶极结构的共振杂化物。

从机制上讲,重氮甲烷被羧酸质子化,生成羧酸盐阴离子和甲基重氮阳离子。

甲基重氮阳离子是一种极不稳定的物质,含有二氮 - 一个极好的离基。

接下来,亲核羧酸阴离子通过 SN2 机制攻击甲基重氮阳离子,产生甲酯,同时释放氮气。

请注意,酯化反应是通过羧酸的亲核羧酸氧进行的。相比之下,酸催化的 Fischer 酯化涉及亲电羰基碳,最终与醇的亲核烷氧基反应。

重氮甲烷烷基化的应用之一是检测尿液样本中的可卡因。在这里,苯甲酰芽子碱(可卡因的一种尿液代谢物)被转化为更合适的甲酯,以便通过质谱分析进行检测。

Key Terms and Definitions

Methyl ester formation – Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane to form methyl esters. Diazomethane – A yellow, explosive, carcinogenic gas used for esterification. SN2 alkylation – Carboxylate ion attacks methyldiazonium to form ester and release N₂. Methyldiazonium ion – Unstable intermediate with N≡N as a leaving group. Safety precautions – Diazomethane must be handled with flame-polished glassware and a blast shield.

Learning Objectives

Define the Reaction – Describe how diazomethane reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters (e.g., methyl ester) Identify Key Intermediates – Recognize the role of methyldiazonium and carboxylate in the mechanism (e.g., methyldiazonium) Explain Product Formation – Show SN2 attack yields methyl ester and N₂ elimination (e.g., SN2) Explain Mechanism or Process – Outline proton transfer, ion formation, and nucleophilic attack Apply in Context – Handle diazomethane with care due to its toxicity, explosiveness, and carcinogenic nature

Questions that this video will help you answer

What is the role of methanol in diazomethane-based methyl ester formation? How does SN2 alkylation with diazomethane produce methyl esters from carboxylic acids? What safety precautions are necessary when using diazomethane for ester synthesis?

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Students – Learn effective strategies for studying and memorizing complex lists Educators – Teach memory techniques with concrete and engaging examples Researchers – Explore cognitive tools used in learning and memory enhancement Science Enthusiasts – Discover fun, structured ways to remember scientific facts

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羧酸 重氮甲烷 烷基化 甲酯 酯化机理 N-甲基-N-亚硝基脲 N-甲基-N-亚硝基基苯磺酰胺 甲基重氮阳离子 SN2 攻击 潜在爆炸性 有毒 致癌性 羧化

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