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JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
亲电芳香取代:概述
亲电芳香取代:概述
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview

18.4: 亲电芳香取代:概述

12,848 Views
01:16 min
April 30, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

在亲电芳香族取代反应中,亲电子试剂取代芳香族化合物的氢。

Figure1

通过这些反应可以将许多官能团添加到芳香族化合物中。 所有亲电芳香族取代反应均通过两步机制发生。 第一步,芳环的π系统与亲电子试剂反应,形成芳烃离子,该离子是共振稳定的。 它通常被称为西格玛络合物,因为亲电子试剂与芳环形成西格玛键。

Figure2

在第二步中,芳烃离子的去质子化恢复芳香性并得到取代的产物。

Figure3

自由能图显示第一步相对缓慢且吸能,因为环失去了芳香稳定性。 因此,由于其较高的活化自由能,该步骤是速率限制步骤。 第二步是快速且释放能量的,因为它恢复了稳定性,增强了芳香性。 它具有较低的活化自由能。 整个亲电芳族取代是放能反应。

Transcript

亲电芳烃取代是亲电试剂取代芳烃之一的反应。

这些反应允许将不同的官能团引入芳香环。

在反应机理的第一步,芳香环的π系统攻击亲电试剂,形成电鎓离子,谐振稳定。

雷鎓离子也称为 σ 络合物,因为亲电试剂与芳香环形成 σ 键。

在第二步中,雷鎓离子被去质子化,恢复芳香性并得到取代产物。

从自由能图中可以明显看出,第一步是内侧的,因为环失去了芳香族的稳定性。这一步的激活自由能较高,而且速度较慢。因此,这是确定速率的步骤。

相比之下,第二步是放能的,因为它恢复了系统的芳香族稳定性。它的激活自由能较低且速度快。

总体而言,亲电芳烃取代是放能反应。

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亲电芳烃取代 芳香族化合物 亲电 官能团 两步机理 电玟离子 Sigma 复合物 去质子化 芳香性 速率确定步骤 自由能图

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