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Organic Chemistry
亲电芳香取代:苯的弗里德尔-克来福特烷基化
亲电芳香取代:苯的弗里德尔-克来福特烷基化
JoVE Core
Organic Chemistry
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JoVE Core Organic Chemistry
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

18.9: 亲电芳香取代:苯的弗里德尔-克来福特烷基化

7,442 Views
01:17 min
April 30, 2023
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Overview

弗里德尔-克拉夫茨反应是由法国化学家查尔斯·弗里德尔和美国化学家詹姆斯·克拉夫茨于 1877 年开发的。 弗里德尔-克来福特烷基化是指通过亲电芳香取代用烷基取代芳族质子。 路易斯酸催化剂如氯化铝与卤代烷反应形成碳正离子。 然后生成的碳正离子与芳香环反应并经历一系列电子重排,然后得到最终产物。 例如,苯在氯化铝存在下与2-氯丁烷反应生成2-丁基苯。

Figure1

烷基化从路易斯酸碱反应开始,其中卤代烷与氯化铝反应,导致形成亲电碳正离子。

Figure2

碳正离子攻击芳香环的π电子云,形成共振稳定的芳烃离子。 芳烃离子的去质子化恢复芳香性,得到 2-丁基苯并再生催化剂。

Figure3

对于仲卤化物和叔卤化物,碳阳离子是反应亲电子试剂。 在一级卤代烷的情况下,游离的伯碳阳离子不稳定并且难以产生。 相反,卤代烷与氯化铝的络合物充当亲电子试剂。

Transcript

芳香族化合物的 Friedel-Crafts 烷基化是由 Charles Friedel 和 James Crafts 发现的。

这是一种典型的亲电芳烃取代,其中芳香环的氢被烷基取代。

例如,2-氯丁烷在路易斯酸催化剂氯化铝存在下与苯反应生成 2-丁苯。

烷基化从 Lewis 酸碱反应开始,其中烷基卤化物与氯化铝反应。然后复合物解离形成碳阳离子。

作为亲电试剂,碳阳离子与苯的π电子云反应,形成共振稳定的铵离子。

最后,铠离子的去质子化恢复芳香性,得到 2-丁基苯并再生催化剂。

值得注意的是,对于仲卤化物和叔卤化物,碳阳离子是反应亲电试剂。

对于伯烷基卤化物,游离的伯碳阳离子相对不稳定。

因此,烷基卤化物与氯化铝的络合物用作亲电试剂。

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Friedel-Crafts 烷基化 亲电芳烃取代 路易斯酸催化剂 氯化铝 碳化 铠离子 芳环 2-丁苯

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